GROUP-2-SPECIAL-TOPICS-3-THEORIES-OF-LEARNING.pptx

THEORIES OF LEARNING

1. Review of Theories of Learning UNIT 2

2. o Group 2 Rollyn Joy Guerrero a Regin Hermo John Cedrick Valenzuela Risa Hortilano Mel Lourence Cordero Mary Celine Guzman Sherika Paula Managuit BSED 3D

3. A theory of learning is a framework or model that explains how people acquire knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors. These theories aim to understand the processes involved in learning and to provide insights into how to optimize teaching and educational practices. Each theory offers a different perspective on how learning occurs, and they often emphasize different aspects of the learning process, such as behavior, cognition, social interactions, or the role of technology. Introduction

4. Learning theories help educators, psychologists, and researchers develop effective teaching methods, create meaningful learning experiences, and better understand the needs and motivations of learners. Introduction

5. behaviorism is a theory of learning that focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they're influenced by the environment. Developed in the early 20th century by psychologists like John Watson and later B.F. Skinner , behaviorism posits that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment and can be shaped through reinforcement and punishment.

6. B.F. Skinner: A major figure in operant conditioning, Skinner developed the concept of reinforcement and conducted extensive research on the effects of rewards and punishments on behavior. John B. Watson: Often considered the father of behaviorism, Watson conducted research on animal behavior and articulated the basic principles of behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov: Known for his work on classical conditioning, Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrated how neutral stimuli could become associated with reflexive responses.

7. cognitivism is a theory of learning that focuses on the internal mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and understanding. It emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to the limitations of behaviorism, which primarily focused on observable behaviors. Cognitivism, on the other hand, explores how people think, perceive, remember, and solve problems.

8. Jerome Bruner: Advocated for discovery learning and the importance of categorization in cognitive processes. Bruner also contributed to the development of curriculum theory. Jean Piaget: Known for his theory of cognitive development, Piaget identified stages through which children's thinking evolves, from sensory-motor experiences to abstract reasoning. Lev Vygotsky: Emphasized the social and cultural influences on cognitive development, introducing concepts such as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding.

9. constructivism is a theory of learning that suggests learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiences and reflecting on those experiences. It emphasizes the importance of the learner's active role in the learning process and recognizes that learning is a personal interpretation of the world.

10. Jerome Bruner: Advocated for discovery learning and the importance of categorization in cognitive processes. Bruner also contributed to the development of curriculum theory. Jean Piaget: Known for his theory of cognitive development, Piaget suggested that children construct knowledge through stages of development, using processes like assimilation and accommodation. Lev Vygotsky: Emphasized the social and cultural influences on cognitive development, introducing concepts such as the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding.

11. humanism is a theory of learning and development that emphasizes the importance of individual potential, personal growth, and self-actualization. It focuses on the whole person and considers the emotional, psychological, and social aspects of learning. Humanism emerged as a response to the more mechanistic views of behaviorism and cognitivism, and it places a strong emphasis on the learner's intrinsic motivation and the development of a positive self-concept.

12. Rollo May: Contributed to existential psychology, exploring themes such as anxiety, free will, and the search for meaning. Abraham Maslow: Known for creating Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, a theory that outlines a progression of needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. Carl Rogers: Developed client-centered therapy (also known as person-centered therapy), emphasizing the importance of unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness in the therapeutic relationship.

13. idealism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the primacy of ideas, mind, or spirit in the interpretation of human experience and the nature of reality. It suggests that reality is fundamentally mental or immaterial, and that the material world is a manifestation of the mind or consciousness.

14. Immanuel Kant: Kant's transcendental idealism suggests that while we can never know things as they are in themselves (noumena), we can know things as they appear to us (phenomena) through the structures of our mind. Plato: Often considered one of the earliest idealists, Plato posited that the material world is a shadow of the world of ideas or forms, which represent the true reality. George Berkeley: Known for his principle " esse est percipi" (to be is to be perceived), Berkeley argued that existence is dependent on being perceived by a mind. G.W.F. Hegel: A German idealist philosopher who proposed that reality is a historical process of the development of the Absolute, a kind of world spirit or universal mind.

15. realism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the existence of an objective reality independent of human perceptions, beliefs, or interpretations. It posits that the world exists and has properties regardless of whether they are being perceived or thought about by humans.

16. Émile Zola: A leading figure in literary realism, Zola's novels portrayed the lives of ordinary people and explored social issues such as poverty, industrialization, and class struggle. Aristotle: An early advocate of realism, Aristotle argued that knowledge comes from sensory experience and that we can know the world through observation and reason. Gustave Courbet: A pioneering artist of the Realist movement in 19th-century France, Courbet depicted everyday life and laborers in his paintings, challenging the romanticized and idealized subjects of his time. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans): An English novelist known for her realistic portrayals of rural life and complex characters, Eliot's works include "Middlemarch" and "Silas Marner."

17. essentialism is an educational philosophy that emphasizes the importance of teaching core knowledge and skills that are essential for students to become competent and well-rounded individuals. It advocates for a back-to-basics approach to education, focusing on traditional academic subjects and rigorous standards.

18. E.D. Hirsch, Jr.: Known for his work on cultural literacy, Hirsch argued that there is a specific set of facts, concepts, and ideas that all individuals need to know to be culturally literate and fully participate in society. William Bagley: A key proponent of educational essentialism in the early 20th century, Bagley advocated for a rigorous curriculum that emphasized essential academic skills and knowledge.

19. Theories of learning, such as behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, humanism, idealism, realism, and essentialism, each offer unique perspectives on how individuals learn and develop. Behaviorism emphasizes observable behaviors and learning through conditioning, while cognitivism focuses on mental processes and the active role of the learner. Constructivism builds on these ideas by stressing the learner's role in constructing knowledge through experiences and social interactions. Humanism highlights personal growth, self-actualization, and the importance of a supportive learning environment. Idealism centers on the mental or spiritual nature of reality, contrasting with realism's focus on objective, empirical evidence and everyday life. Essentialism advocates for a structured, core knowledge-based education, emphasizing discipline and moral values. By integrating these diverse theories, educators can create effective learning environments that cater to various needs and styles, enhancing teaching and learning experiences. Conclusion

20. Thank You