Growth and Development.ppt

Process of growth and development and the changes that occur

1. Growth and Development
Kulimankudya

2. Growth
Growth refers to an increase in physical size
of the whole body or any of its parts.
It is simply a quantitative change in the
child’s body.
It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters,
inches, ….. etc

3. Child Growth (Image: WHO)

4. Changes in bodily proportions with age.

5. Development
•Development refers to a progressive
increase in skill and capacity of function.
•It is a qualitative change in the child’s
functioning.
•It can be measured through observation.

6. Byunderstandingwhattoexpectduringeachstageofdevelopment,parents
caneasilycapturetheteachablemomentsineverydaylifetoenhancetheir
child'slanguagedevelopment,intellectualgrowth,socialdevelopmentand
motorskills.

7. Maturation
•Increase in child’s competence and
adaptability.
•It is describing the qualitative change in a
structure.
•The level of maturation depends on child’s
heredity.

8. Why developmental
assessment?
Early detection of deviation in child’s
pattern of development
Simple and time efficient mechanism to
ensure adequate surveillance of
developmental progress
Domains assessed: cognitive, motor,
language, social / behavioral and adaptive

9. Importance of Growth and Development
•Knowing what to expect of a particular child at
any given age.
•Gaining better understanding of the reasons
behind illnesses.
•Helping in formulating the plan of care.
•Helping in parents’education in order to achieve
optimal growth & development at each stage.

10. Principles of Growth & Development
•Continuous process
•Predictable Sequence
•Don’t progress at the same rate (↑ periods of GR in early childhood
and adolescents & ↓ periods of GR in middle childhood)
•Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time.
•Each child grows in his/her own unique way.
•Each stage of G&D is affected by the preceding types of
development.

11. Principles of Growth & Development
G & D proceed in regular related directions :
-Cephalo-caudal(head down to
toes)
-Proximodistal (center of the body
to the peripheral)
-General to specific

12. Growth Patterns
The child’s pattern of growth is in a head-to-
toe direction, or cephalocaudal, and in
an inward to outward pattern called
proximodistal.

13. Growth Pattern

14. Factors affecting growth and development:
•Hereditary
•Environmental factors
Pre-natal environment
1-Factors related to mothers during
pregnancy:
-Nutritional deficiencies
-Diabetic mother
-Exposure to radiation
-Infection with German measles
-Smoking
-Use of drugs

15. 2-Factors related to fetus
•Mal-position in uterus
•Faulty placental implantation
Post-Natal Environment
I -External environment:
-socio-economic status of the family
-child’s nutrition
-climate and season
-child’s ordinal position in the family
-Number of siblings in the family
-Family structure (single parent or extended family
…)

16. Internal environment
•Child’s intelligence
•Hormonal influences
•Emotions

17. Types of growth and development
Types of growth:
-Physical growth (Ht, Wt, head & chest
circumference)
-Physiological growth (vital signs …)
Types of development:
-Motor development
-Cognitive development
-Emotional development
-Social development

18. Stages of Growth and Development
•Prenatal
-Embryonic (conception-8 w)
-Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w)
•Infancy
-Neonate
-Birth to end of 1
month
-Infancy
-1 month to end of 1
year
•Early Childhood
-Toddler
-1-3 years
-Preschool
-3-6 years
•Middle Childhood
-School age
-6 to 12 years
•Late Childhood
-Adolescent
-13 years to approximately
18 years

20. Prenatal period: Somatic development
Embryonic stage

21. FETAL PERIOD.
From the 9th wk on (fetal period), somatic changes consist
of increases in cell number and size and structural
remodeling of several organ systems.
10 wk -face is recognizably human.
The midgutreturns from the umbilical cord into the abdomen, rotating
counterclockwise to bring the stomach, small intestine, and large
intestine into their normal positions.
12 wk -gender of the external genitals becomes clearly
distinguishable.
Lung development proceeds, with the budding of bronchi, bronchioles,
and successively smaller divisions.
20–24 wk -primitive alveoli have formed and surfactant
production has begun; before that time, the absence of
alveoli renders the lungs useless as organs of gas exchange.
During the 3rd trimester, weight triples and length doubles
as body stores of protein, fat, iron, and calcium increase.

22. Changes in body proportion

23. NEUROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
By 3rd wk, a neural plate appears on the ectodermalsurface
of the trilaminarembryo.
Infoldingproduces a neural tube that will become the
central nervous system (CNS) and a neural crest that will
become the peripheral nervous system.
Neuroectodermalcells differentiate into neurons,
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymalcells, whereas
microglialcells are derived from mesoderm.
By 5th wk, the 3 main subdivisions of forebrain, midbrain,
and hindbrain are evident.
The dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord have begun
to form, along with the peripheral motor and sensory
nerves.
Myelinizationbegins at midgestationand continues
throughout the 1st 2 yr of life.

24. By the end of the embryonic period (wk 8),
the gross structure of the nervous system
has been established.
Neurons migrate outward to form the 6
cortical layers.
Migration is complete by the 6th mo, but
differentiation continues.
Axons and dendrites form synaptic
connections at a rapid pace, making the
CNS vulnerable to teratogenicor hypoxic
influences throughout gestation.

25. Embryology

26. BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT
Muscle contractions first appear around 8 wk, soon followed
by lateral flexion movements.
By 13–14 wk, breathing and swallowing motions appear
and tactile stimulation elicits graceful movements.
The grasp reflex appears at 17 wk and is well developed by
27 wk.
Eye opening occurs around 26 wk.
By mid-gestation, the full range of neonatal movements can
be observed.
During the 3rd trimester, fetuses respond to external
stimuli with heart rate elevation and body movements
Fetal movement increases in response to a sudden auditory
tone, but decreases after several repetitions (habituation).
The ability to habituate to repeated stimuli, a form of
learning, is diminished in neurologically impaired or
physically stressed fetuses.

27. THREATS TO FETAL DEVELOPMENT

28. Newborn stage
Newborn stage is the first 4 weeks
or first month of life. It is a
transitional period from
intrauterine life to extra uterine
environment.

29. Normal Newborn Infant
Physical growth
-Weight = 2.5 –4 kg
-Wt loss 5% -10% by 3-4 days after birth
-Wt gain by 10
th
day of life
-Gain ¾kg by the end of the 1
st
month

30. Weight:
They loose 5 % to 10 % of weight by 3-4
days after birth as result of :
Withdrawal of hormones from mother.
Loss of excessive extra cellular fluid.
Passage of meconium (feces) and
urine.
Limited food intake.

31. Height
•Boys average Ht = 50 cm
•Girls average Ht = 49 cm
•Normal range for both (47.5-53.75 cm)
Head circumference
33-35 cm
Head is ¼total body length
Skull has 2 fontanels (anterior & posterior)

32. Anterior fontanel
•Diamond in shape
•The junction of the sagittal, corneal and
frontal sutures forms it
•Between 2 frontal & 2 parietal bones
•3-4 cm in length and 2-3 cm width
•It closes at 12-18 months of age

34. Posterior fontanel
•Triangular
•Located between occipital & 2 parietal
bones
•Closes by the end of the 1
st
month of age

35. Chest circumference
It is 30.5 to 33cm (usually 2–3cm less
than head circumference).

36. Physiological growth
•Vital signs
-Temperature (36.3 to 37.2C ).
-Pulse ( 120 to 160 b/min ).
-Respiration ( 35 to 50C/min) .

39. Simulation for vital signs

40. APGAR scoring chart

42. Newborn Senses

43. •Senses
-Touch
-Vision
-Hearing
-Taste
-Smell

44. Touch
•It is the most highly developed sense.
•It is mostly at lips, tongue, ears, and forehead.
•The newborn is usually comfortable with touch.

45. Vision
•Pupils react to light
•Bright lights appear to be unpleasant to
newborn infant.
•Follow objects in line of vision

46. Hearing
•The newborn infant usually makes some
response to sound from birth.
•Ordinary sounds are heard well before 10
days of life.
•The newborn infant responds to sounds
with either cry or eye movement,
cessation of activity and / or startle
reaction.

47. Taste
Well developed as bitter and sour fluids are
resisted while sweet fluids are accepted.
Smell
Only evidence in newborn infant’s search for
the nipple, as he smell breast milk.

48. Normal Newborn Infant

49. Gross Motor Development
Motor development:
The newborn's movement are random,
diffuse and uncoordinated. Reflexes
carry out bodily functions and
responses to external stimuli.

50. Fine motor development
•Holds hand in fist
•When crying, he draws arms and legs to
body

51. Reflexes
•Swallowing
•Gagging
•Sucking
•Grasp
•Tonic-neck

52. One month-Reflexes

53. Cognitive development
The cognitive development of
newborn infant is difficult to
understand or observe it.

54. Emotional development
The newborn infant expresses his
emotion just through cry for
hunger, pain or discomfort
sensation

55. Social development

56. Infancy

57. Definition of normal infant:-
It is the period which starts at the
end of the first month up to the
end of the first year of age.
Infant's growth and development
during this period are rapid.

58. Physical growth of normal infant
Weight : the infant gains :
-Birth to 4 months → ¾ kg /month
-5 to 8 months → ½ kg / month
-9 to 12 months → ¼ kg /month
The infant will double his birth wt by 4-5
months and triple it by 10-12 months of
age

59. Calculating infant’s weight
Infants from 3 to 12 months
Weight = Age in months + 9
2
Wt of 7 months old infant = 7+9 = 16 = 8 kg
2 2

60. Height
•Length increases about 3 cm /month
during the 1
st
3 months of age,
•then it increases 2 cm /month at age of 4-
6 months,
•Then, at 7 –12 months, it increases 1 ½
cm per month

61. Head circumference
•It increases about 2 cm /month during the
1
st
3 months,
•Then, ½cm/month during the 2
nd
9
months of age.
•Posterior fontanel closes by 6-8 w of age.
•Anterior fontanel closes by 12-18 months
of age.

62. Chest circumference
By the end of the 1
st
year, it will be equal to
head circumference.
Physiological growth of infants:-
Pulse 110-150 b/min
Resp 35 ±10 c/min
Breath through nose.
Blood pressure 80/50 ±20/10 mmHg

65. Dentition:
Eruption of teeth starts by 5–6 months
of age. It is called "Milky teeth" or
"Deciduous teeth" or "Temporary
teeth".

66. Average age for teeth eruption:
•Lower central incisors
•Upper central incisors
•Upper lateral incisors
•Lower lateral incisors
•Lower first molars
•Upper first molars
•Lower cuspids
•Upper cuspids
•Lower 2nd molars
•Upper 2nd molars
•Erupt at 6 months
•Erupt at 7.5 months
•Erupt at 9 months
•Erupt at 11 months
•Erupt at 12 months
•Erupt at 14 months
•Erupt at 16 months
•Erupt at 18 months
•Erupt at 20months
•Erupt at 24 months.

67. Motor Development
•At 2 months
•Hold head erects in mid-position.
•Turn from side back.
•At 3 months, the infant can
•Hold head erects and steady.
•Open or close hand loosely.
•Hold object put in hand

68. Head Control
Newborn
Age 6 months

69. At 4 months, the infant can:
•Sit with adequate support.
•Roll over from front to back.
•Hold head erect and steady while in sitting
position.
•Bring hands together in midline and plays
with fingers.
•Grasp objects with both hands.

70. At 5 months, the infant can:
•Balance head well when sitting.
•Sit with slight support.
•Pull feet up to mouth when supine.
•Grasp objects with whole hand (Rt. or Lt.).
•Hold one object while looking at another

71. At 6 months, the infant can:
•Sit alone briefly.
•Turn completely over ( abdomen to
abdomen ).
•Lift chest and upper abdomen when
prone.
•Hold own bottle.

72. At 7 months, the infant can:
•Sit alone.
•Hold cup.
•Imitate simple acts of others.

73. At 8 months, the infant can:
•Site alone steadily.
•Drink from cup with assistance.
•Eat finger food that can be held in one
hand.

74. At 9 months, the infant can:
•Rise to sitting position alone.
•Crawl (i.e., pull body while in prone
position).
•Hold one bottle with good hand-mouth
coordination

75. At 10 months, the infant can:
•Creep well(use hands and legs).
•Walk but with help.
•Bring the hands together.
At 11 months , the infant
can:
•Walk holding on furniture.
•Standerect with minimal support

76. At 12 months , the infant can:
•Stand-alonefor variable length of time.
•Site down from standingposition alone.
•Walk in few stepswith help or alone
(hands held at shoulder height for
balance).
•Pick up small bits of food and transfers
them to his mouth

77. Ambulation(motor growth)
•9 month old: crawl
•10 month old: creep
•1 year: stand independently from a crawl
& creep position
•13 month old: walk and toddle quickly
•15 month old: can run

78. Sitting Up
Age 2 months
Age 8 months

79. Ambulation
13 month old
Nine to 12-months

81. Fine Motor Development
in infancy
6-month-old
12-month-old

82. Emotional development:
•His emotions are instable, where it is
rapidly changes from crying to laughter.
•His affection for or love family members
appears.
•By 10 months, he expresses several
beginning recognizable emotions, such as
anger, sadness, pleasure, jealousy, anxiety
and affection.
•By 12 monthsof age, these emotions are
clearly distinguishable.

83. Social development
•He learnsthat crying brings attention.
•The infant smiles in response to smile of others.
•The infant shows fear of stranger(stranger
anxiety).
•He responds socially to his name.
•According to Erikson, the infant
develops sense of trust.Through the
infant's interaction with caregiver (mainly the
mother), especially during feeding, he learns to
trust others through the relief of basic needs.

84. As an infant's vision develops, he or she may seem
preoccupied with watching surrounding objects and people

85. Speech Milestones
•1-2 months: coos
•2-6 months: laughs and squeals
•8-9 months babbles: mama/dada as sounds
•10-12 months: “mama/dada specific
•18-20 months: 20 to 30 words –50%
understood by strangers
•22-24 months: two word sentences, >50 words,
75% understood by strangers
•30-36 months: almost all speech understood by
strangers

86. Hearing
•Ability to hear correlates with ability enunciate
words properly
•Always ask about history of otitis media –ear
aiding devices.
•Early referral to MD to assess for possible fluid
in ears (effusion)
•Repeat hearing screening test
•Speech therapist as needed

87. Red Flags in infant development
•Unable to sit alone by age 9 months
•Unable to transfer objects from hand to
hand by age 1 year
•Abnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15
months
•Unable to walk alone by 18 months
•Failure to speak recognizable words by 2
years.

88. Toddler
Safety becomes a problem as
the toddler becomes more
mobile.
Pilliterri, Lippincott

89. Toddlers

90. Vision in toddler age

91. Normal toddler:
Toddler stage is between 1
to 3 years of age. During
this period, growth slows
considerably.

92. Physical growth
Weight:
The toddler's average weight gain is 1.8 to
2.7 kg/year.
Formula to calculate normal weight of
children over 1 year of age is
Age in years X 2+8 = ….. kg.
e.g., The weight of a child aging 4 years
= 4 X 2 + 8 = 16 kg

93. Height:
•During 1–2 years, the child's
height increases by 1cm/month.
•The toddler's height increases
about 10 to 12.5cm/year.

94. Formula to calculate normal height
Age in years X 6 + 77 =
cm.
OR
Age in years X 5+80 = cm.
e.g., the length of 2 years old child
= 2 X 5 + 80 = 90cm

95. Head and chest circumference:
•The head increases 10 cm only from the
age of 1 year to adult age.
•During toddler years, chest circumference
continues to increase in size and exceeds
head circumference.

96. Teething:
•By 2 years of age, the toddler has
16 temporary teeth.
•By the age of 30 months (2.5
years), the toddler has 20 teeth

97. Physiological growth:
Pulse:80–130beats/min (average
110/min).
Respiration:20–30C/min.
Bowel and bladder control:
Daytime control of bladder and
bowel control by 24–30 months.

98. Fine Motor -toddler
•1 year old: transfer objects from hand to
hand
•2 year old: can hold a crayon and color
vertical strokes
•Turn the page of a book
•Build a tower of six blocks
•3 year old: copy a circle and a cross –
build using small blocks

99. Gross -Motor of toddler
At 15 months, the toddler can:
•Walk alone.
•Creep upstairs.
•Assume standing position without falling.
•Hold a cup with all fingers grasped around
it.
At 18 months:
•Hold cup with both hands.
•Transfer objects hand-to hand at will.

100. Continuous
At 24 months:
•Go up and down stairs alone with
two feet on each step.
•Hold a cup with one hand.
•Remove most of own clothes.
•Drink well from a small glass held
in one hand.

101. At 30 months: the toddler can:
•Jump with both feet.
•Jump from chair or step.
•Walk up and downstairs, one
foot on a step.
•Drink without assistance.

102. Issues in parenting –toddler
(emotional development)
•Stranger anxiety –should dissipate by age
2 ½to 3 years
•Temper tantrums: occur weekly in 50 to
80% of children –peak incidence 18
months –most disappear by age 3
•Sibling rivalry: aggressive behavior
towards new infant: peak between 1 to 2
years but may be prolonged indefinitely
•Thumb sucking
•Toilet Training

103. Cognitive development:
•Up to 2 years, the toddler uses his
senses and motor development
to different self from objects.
•The toddler from 2 to 3 years will be
in the pre-conceptual phase
of cognitivedevelopment(2-4
years), where he is still egocentric
and can not take the point of view of
other people.

104. Social development:
•The toddler is very social being but still
egocentric.
•He imitates parents.
•Notice sex differences and know own sex.
•According to Erikson,
•The development of autonomy during this
period is centered around toddlers
increasing abilities to control their bodies,
themselves and their environment i.e., "I
can do it myself".

105. Pre-School

106. Preschool stage
Definition:-
It is the stage where child is 3
to 6 years of age. The growth
during this period is relatively
slow.

107. Physical growth:-
Weight: The preschooler gains
approximately 1.8kg/year.
Height: He doubles birth
length by 4–5 years of age.

108. Physiological growth
•Pulse: 80–120 beat/min.
(average 100/min).
•Respiration: 20–30C/min.
•Blood Pressure:
100/67+24/25.

109. Fine Motor –Older Toddler
•3 year old: copy a circle and a cross –
build using small blocks
•4 year old: use scissors, color within the
borders
•5 year old: write some letters and draw a
person with body parts

110. Fine motor and cognitive abilities
pre-school
•Buttoning clothing
•Holding a pencil
•Building with small blocks
•Using scissors
•Playing a board game
•Have child draw picture of himself

111. Cognitive development
Preschooler up to 4 years of age
is in the pre-conceptual
phase. He begins to be able
to give reasons for his belief
and actions, but not true
cause-effect relationship.

112. Emotional Development of
Preschooler
•Fears the dark
•Tends to be impatient and
selfish
•Expresses agressionthrough
physical and verbal behaviours.
•Shows signs of jealousy of
siblings.

113. Social development in preschoolers
•Egocentric
•Tolerates short separation
•Less dependant on parents
•May have dreams & night-mares
•Attachment to opposite sex parent
•More cooperative in play

114. Social development
According to Erikson theory:
•The preschooler is in the stage
where he develops a sense of
initiative, Where he wants to
learn what to do for himself, learn
about the world And other
people.

115. Red flags: preschool
•Inability to perform self-care tasks, hand
washing simple dressing, daytime toileting
•Lack of socialization
•Unable to play with other children
•Unable to follow directions during exam

116. Pool Safety

117. School-Age

118. Normal school-age child:
School-age period is between
the age of 6 to 12 years. The
child's growth and
development is characterized
by gradual growth.

119. Physical growth
Weight:
•School–age child gains about
3.8kg/year.
•Boys tend to gain slightly more
weight through 12 years.
•Weight Formula for 7 -12 yrs
= (age in yrs x 7 )–5
2

120. Height:
•The child gains about 5cm/year.
•Body proportion during this period:
Both boys and girls are long-
legged.
Dentition:
•Permanent teetherupt during
school-age period, starting from 6
years, usually in the same order in
which primary teeth are lost.
•The child acquires permanent molars,
medial and lateral incisors.

121. Physiological growth:
•Pulse: 90+15 beats/min
(75 to 105).
•Respiration: 21+3C/min
(18–24).
•Blood Pressure:
100/60+16/10.

122. School Years: fine motor
•Writing skills improve
•Fine motor is refined
•Fine motor with more focus
•Building: models –logos
•Sewing
•Musical instrument
•Painting
•Typing skills
•Technology: computers

123. Motor development
At 6–8 years, the school–age child:
•Rides a bicycle.
•Runs Jumps, climbs and hops.
•Has improved eye-hand
coordination.
•Prints word and learn cursive
writing.
•Can brush and comb hair.

124. At 8–10 years, the school–age child:
•Throws balls skillfully.
•Uses to participate in organized sports.
•Uses both hands independently.
•Handles eating utensils (spoon, fork,
knife) skillfully.
At 10–12 years, the school–age child:
•Enjoy all physical activities.
•Continues to improve his motor
coordination.

125. School Age: gross motor
•8 to 10 years: team sports
•Age ten: match sportto the
physical and emotional
development

126. School performance
•Ask about favorite subject
•How they are doing in school
•Do they like school
•By parent report: any learning difficulties,
attention problems, homework
•Parental expectations

127. School Age

128. School Age: cognitive development
At 7-11 years, the child now is in the
concrete operational stage of
cognitive development.He is able to
function on a higher level in his mental
ability.
Greater ability to concentrate and
participate in self-initiating quiet
activities that challenge cognitive skills,
such asreading, playing computer and
board games.

129. Emotional development
The school–age child:
•Fears injury to bodyand fear of dark.
•Jealous of siblings (especially 6–8 years
old child).
•Curious about everything.
•Has short bursts of anger by age of
10 years but able to control anger by
12 years.

130. Social development
The school–age child is :
•Continues to be egocentric.
•Wants other children to play with him.
•Insists on being first in every thing
•Becomes peer oriented.
•Improves relationship with siblings.
•Has greater self–control, confident,
sincere.
•Respects parents and their role.
•Joints group (formal and informal).
•Engage in tasks in the real world.

131. Red flags: school age
•School failure
•Lack of friends
•Social isolation
•Aggressive behavior: fights, fire
setting, animal abuse

132. 13 to 18 Year Old

133. Adolescent age
•Physical growth
•Physiological growth
•Secondary sex characteristics
•Cognitive development
•Emotional development
•Social development

134. Definition of adolescent:
Adolescence is a transition period
from childhood to adulthood. Its
is based on childhood experiences
and accomplishments.
It begins with the appearance of
secondary sex characteristics and
ends when somatic growth is
completed and the individual is
psychological mature.

135. Physical growth:
Weight:
•Growth spurtbegins earlier in girls (10–14
years, while it is 12–16 in boys).
•Males gains 7 to 30kg, while female gains 7 to
25kg.
Height:
•By the age of 13, the adolescent triples his birth
length.
•Males gains 10 to 30cm in height.
•Females gains less height than males as they
gain 5 to 20cm.
•Growth in height ceases at 16 or 17 years in
females and 18 to 20in males

136. Physiological growth:
Pulse: Reaches adult value 60–80
beats/min.
Respiration: 16–20C/minute.
NB:The sebaceous glands of face,
neck and chest become more active.
When their secretion accumulates
under the skin in face, acne will
appear.

137. Appearance of secondary sex
characteristics
1-Secondary sex characteristics in
girls:
•Increase in transverse diameter of the
pelvis.
•Development of the breasts.
•Change in the vaginal secretions.
•Growth of pubic and axillary hair.
•Menstruation (first menstruation is called
menarche, which occurs between 12 to 13
years).

138. Body image

139. 2-Secondary sex characteristics in
boys:
•Increase in size of genitalia.
•Swelling of the breast.
•Growth of pubic, axillary, facial and chest
hair.
•Change in voice.
•Rapid growth of shoulder breadth.
•Production of spermatozoa (which is sign
of puberty).

140. Adolescent
•As teenagers gain independence they
begin to challenge values
•Critical of adult authority
•Relies on peer relationship
•Mood swings especially in early
adolescents

141. Cognitive development:
Through formal operational thinking, adolescent can deal
with a problem.
Emotional development:
This period is accompanied usually by changes in emotional
control. Adolescent exhibits alternating and recurrent
episodes of disturbed behavior with periods of quite one.
He may become hostile or ready to fight, complain or
resist every thing.
Social development:
He needs to know "who he is" in relation to family and
society, i.e., he develops a sense of identity. If the
adolescent is unable to formulate a satisfactory identity
from the multi-identifications, sense of self-confusion will
be developed according to Erikson:-
Adolescent shows interest in other sex.
He looks for close friendships.

142. Adolescent behavioral problems
•Anorexia
•Attention deficit
•Anger issues
•Suicide

143. Adolescent Teaching
•Relationships
•Sexuality –STD’s / AIDS
•Substance use and abuse
•Gang activity
•Driving
•Access to weapons

145. Developmental theory
Freud theory
(sexual development).
Piaget theory
(cognitive development).
Erikson theory
(psychosocial development).

146. Freud theory
(sexual development)
Infancy stage
Toddler stage
Preschool stage

School-age stage

Adolescence
stage
Oral-sensory
stage
Anal stage
Genital stage
Latency Stage
Pubertal stage

147. Piaget theory
(cognitive development
Infancy stage
Toddler stage
Preschool stage
School-age stage

Adolescence stage

Up to2 years sensori -
motor
2-3 years pre-
conceptual phase.
Up to 4years pre-
conceptual phase.
7-12 years concrete-
operational.
12-15 years 
preoperational formal
operations
15 years -through life 
formal operations

148. Erikson theory
(psychosocial development)
Infancy stage
Toddler stage
Preschool stage
School-age stage
Adolescence stage

Trust versus mistrust.
Autonomy and self
esteem versus
shame and doubt.
Initiative versus guilt.
Industry versus
inferiority.
Identity and intimacy
versus role
confusion.