Hand Test for student to learn how to deal

good for student

1. ADMINISTRATION, SCORING AND INTERPRETATION OF HAND TEST Muhammad Umar Fayyaz

2. SCHEME OF PRESENTATION Introduction Historical Background & Theoretical Formulation Material Administration & Instructions Scoring Categories Cards Pull Diagnostic aspects Adaptation

3. INTRODUCTION H and test is a diagnostic technique It measures four major areas of Personality Interpersonal Environment Maladjustment Withdrawal

4. Theoretical Perspective and Hand Test Psychodynamic theorist Freud (1924, 1940) proposed that personality has three structures and termed them as id, ego and super ego and these work on pleasure, reality and moral principles, respectively. There are three levels of consciousness and these range from conscious to pre-conscious and unconscious (the deeper layer). Sex and aggression are the nucleus of conflicts in personality. The Hand Test measures acting out tendencies, the formula for acting out score is (Affection, Dependence, Communication VS Direction and Aggression) Normative data 3:5

5. Disguise self which is close to conscious (Wagner, 1983). Response could be (Hiding something mostly at stimulus 6, slapping someone). Jung (1917, 1935) collective unconscious. Cultural symbols emerged from universal archetypes. Inner directed introversion and outer directed extroversion (Jung, 1935). Introversion on Hand Test protocols appeared as responses having connotation of inferiorities and self-references. (You are zero on stimulus 12, culturally adapted) Extroversion is demonstrated like expression of assertiveness, direction and aggression responses (traffic warden asking the traffic to stop on stimulus 3 or 6)

6. Projective Techniques and the Hand Test Projective techniques are most difficult to fake(Anastasi, 1997). Novelty, ambiguity and are relatively unstructured nature of stimuli are basic characteristics.( Bellack and Hersen , 1980).

7. Application of The Hand Test Young (1995) provides guidelines for application of The Hand Test in identification of the dissociative personality disorders. Hilsenroth and Fowler (1995) identified symptoms for borderline personality disorder. Hilsenroth and Handler (1993) suggested differential diagnosis of psychotic disorders based on Hand Test protocol of pathology score. Roark (2007) has suggested that Hand Test can be used for screening of employees. Wagner and Rasch (1989) have identified the responses style of sexually abused girls.

8. Sivec and Waehler (1994) used it for behaviourally disturbed children. Zizolfi & Cilli (1996) identified aggressive behaviour using the Hand Test. Hayslip (1990) found relationship between Hand Test variables and ageing. Young (1993) used it in correctional settings. Wagner and Young, (1994); Zizolfi and Cilli (1996) have enlisted preliminary Hand Test findings for panic disorder outpatients, sexually abused as children and characteristics of pain disorder and recent application of the Hand Test in industrial settings.

9. TEST MATERIAL

10. CARD #1

11. CARD #2

12. CARD #3

13. CARD #4

14. CARD #5

15. CARD #6

16. CARD #7

17. CARD #8

18. CARD # 9

19. CARD # 10

20. CARD # 11

21. CARD # 12

22. CARD # 13

23. CARD #14

24. Administration I have here a number of cards on which pictures of hands are drawn, I am going to show you the cards one at a time, and I want you to tell me what the hands might be doing You can give any number of responses This card is blank; I would like you to imagine a hand, and tell me what it might be doing

25. Scoring Categories Quantitative Categories Quantitative Categories INTERPERSONAL MAL ADJUSTMENT Affection Tension Dependence Crippled Communication Fear Exhibition WITHDRAWAL Direction Description Aggression Failure ENVIRONMENT Bizarre Action Acquisition Passive

26. QUALITATIVE SCORING CATEGORIES Ambivalent: E.g. Could be hitting someone, thumb is in wrong place Automatic phrase E.g. She is showing off her ring, I guess that all I see Cylindrical E.g. Plumber screwing in a pipe Denial E.g. Shaking hand, No that is the wrong hand Emotion E.g. Real happy, just bursting right out with joy Gross E.g. Hand has brass necklace on it

27. Hiding E.g. No one can copy her answer Immature E.g. Patting a dog Impotent E.g. These are too hard for me Inanimate E.g. A beautiful hand like a statue Movement E.g. Like a folding and unfolding, closing and opening Oral E.g. Has a fork in his hand for eating Perplexity E.g. He, She is puzzled, difficult in generating response Sexual: E.g. Grabbing a women

28. SCORING PROCEDURES Experience Ratio (ER) Interpersonal : Environment : Mal Adjustment : Withdrawal Normative sample = 8:5:3:0 Acting Out Ratio (AOR) Affection + Communication + Dependence :Direction + Aggression Normative sample = 5:3 Pathological Score Mal Adjustment : 02 x Withdrawal Average Initial Response Time Total response time / No of Cards minus failure responses H Minus L: Highest time taken on any card Minus Lowest time taken on any card (Identifies strengths and weaknesses in reference with the pull of the stimulus)

29. INTERPRETATION

30. Normal Protocol It is about 15 responses in average and ranging from 10 to 25 responses, under production of R is indicative a lack of behavior responses and is found mostly in organics, retards and custodial schizophrenics. An over production of R is indicative serious compulsivity often overlying an organic or schizophrenic condition, the adjusted individual would have no maladjustment, no withdrawal, about 60 % Interpersonal and about 40 % Environment .

31. A person should produce at least 5 Interpersonal responses, no less than 3 scoring categories and a minimum of three environment responses mostly, Action. His Airt should be between 10 and 20 seconds and H minus L should be less than 20 seconds.

32. Neurotic Record The amount of energy available for behavior falls off, producing a proportionate, rise in maladjustment and sometimes description, maladjustment and also less environment, than normal subjects, shocks in the form of long initial reaction time to certain cards and a resultant high H-L scores are common. Description, failure would occur but 2 or more such responses increases the possibility that the condition is more serious than a neurotic

33. Any of the maladjustment score, as a rule crippled is associated with feelings of inferiority, tension with anxiety and fear with apprehensions over aggression.

34. Diagnostic Indices Alcoholism Mental Retardation Organic Brain Syndrome Schizophrenic Disorder Conduct Disorder Anxiety Disorder Mood Disorder Somatoform Disorder

35. Alcoholism They tend to give more responses on dependence &aggression category as compared normal population. Mental retardation Mental retarded groups likely to have lower number of interpersonal, environmental & mal adjustment, substantially higher number of withdrawal responses than the normal group, in general the lower the IQ higher the withdrawal Score.

36. Organic Brain Syndrome produces higher total number of responses e.g. if the normal responses score ranges from 10 to 20, organic score would range from 10 to 31. In the qualitative categories they tend to attain more score in immature and repetitive categories, reverse cases produce many failure, description and repetition responses and low total number of responses, higher score is reflection of compulsion and repetition particularly on communication, action and tension.

37. Schizophrenic Disorder They tend to score more mal adjustment up to to 5 and substantially more withdrawal up to 3 responses than normal whereas normal people are not likely to have response in withdrawal category, they also tend to have more score in bizarre category.

38. Conduct Disorder Generally individuals in this group produce more responses in each category compared with the normal category similarly they tend to have more score in aggression, pathological responses i.e. maladjustment and withdrawal. They produce more fear, descriptive and failure responses.

39. Anxiety Disorder Individuals in this group give slightly fewer interpersonal and environmental responses than the normal group; however this group generally produces more maladjustment and withdrawal responses than the normal group.

40. Mood Disorder Manic group produce many more responses than the depressive group however the depressive group give more maladjustment and withdrawal responses than the manic group.

41. Somatoform Disorder This group generally produces the same number of interpersonal and environmental responses as the normal individual, however they tend to produce slightly more maladjustment and withdrawal responses than the normal individual, similarly they tend to give more responses in tension and crippled category.

42. Psychometric Properties Reliability Inter-Scorer Reliability: .86 to .90 Split Half Reliability: .84 to .85, computed against Pathology score Inter-Scorer agreement on all scoring categories varies from 78% to 83% In the study conducted by author, Interscorer agreement remained as 88% while Test Retest remained as moderate from .30 to .60.

43. Validity Out of 40 studies, 35 revealed positive findings, while 5 reported negative results which means that over 87% of the validity studies have been in the predicted direction.

44. ADAPTATION Stimulus were identified which are used by our people to add meaning to their communication. Pilot study was conducted on 50 normal and 50 institutionalized psychotics. 4 groups of stimulus were chosen initially and out of these 4 stimulus were adapted based on two criterion 1. Stimulus were retained which gained score in maximum scoring categories 2. Overall their ranges of response were varied

45. Instructions were translated via back translation method by ( Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Subject experts were approached.