HBSE2 macro power point important lecture .ppt

Human Behavior and the Social Environment, Human Behavior and the Social Environment,
Macro Level: Macro Level:
Groups, Communities, and OrganizationsGroups, Communities, and Organizations
(second edition)(second edition)
Katherine van Wormer Katherine van Wormer
Fred H. BesthornFred H. Besthorn
Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press. For classroom use only; all other Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press. For classroom use only; all other
reproduction or circulation is prohibited.reproduction or circulation is prohibited.

Chapter 1Chapter 1
Theoretical PerspectivesTheoretical Perspectives

A new theme for a new edition: sustainability!A new theme for a new edition: sustainability!

Study of human behavior at the macro level—seeking the Study of human behavior at the macro level—seeking the
pattern in thingspattern in things

Use of Use of ourour s social workocial work imagination imagination required for macro-level required for macro-level
generalist practicegeneralist practice

From an empowerment perspective, HBSE to study From an empowerment perspective, HBSE to study
ecosystems of life in their interconnectednessecosystems of life in their interconnectedness

HBSE-Macro LevelHBSE-Macro Level

From an empowerment perspective, From an empowerment perspective,
HBSE to study ecosystems of life in their HBSE to study ecosystems of life in their
interconnectednessinterconnectedness

metaphor of the holonmetaphor of the holon

environment-in-the-person as well as environment-in-the-person as well as
person-in-the-environmentperson-in-the-environment

Theory ConstructionTheory Construction

Theories offer explanations about human behavior Theories offer explanations about human behavior
and aspects of human behavior.and aspects of human behavior.

Term Term theorytheory can be used in a formal or informal can be used in a formal or informal
sense.sense.

Theories can be classified in terms of scope:Theories can be classified in terms of scope:

Small range, middle range, grand theorySmall range, middle range, grand theory

Theories can be classified in terms of ideology:Theories can be classified in terms of ideology:

order or consensus perspectiveorder or consensus perspective

conflict perspectiveconflict perspective

Critical Thinking at the Macro LevelCritical Thinking at the Macro Level

Two key aspects of critical thinking: (Keefe)Two key aspects of critical thinking: (Keefe)
(1)(1) empathyempathy – the ability to put oneself in the place of – the ability to put oneself in the place of
another, at macro level relates to a culture or population;another, at macro level relates to a culture or population;
profound empathy profound empathy relates torelates to empathy withempathy with nature.nature.
(2)(2) critical consciousness critical consciousness – understanding encompassing – understanding encompassing
the the social and economic context of human problems (from social and economic context of human problems (from
Freire, Brazilian philosopher and activist)Freire, Brazilian philosopher and activist)

Paradigm ShiftsParadigm Shifts

The Great Enlightenment – 18The Great Enlightenment – 18
thth
Century ushered in a Century ushered in a
paradigm shift—a scientific revolution or new paradigm shift—a scientific revolution or new
worldview (Kuhn, 1962, worldview (Kuhn, 1962, The Structure of Scientific The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions)Revolutions)

To Schriver (2004), paradigm shift represents a To Schriver (2004), paradigm shift represents a
revolutionary break with past ways of viewing reality.revolutionary break with past ways of viewing reality.

May be brought about through actions taken by a May be brought about through actions taken by a
dissatisfied segment of the community or crisis such as dissatisfied segment of the community or crisis such as
war, economic depression, or even a great plague.war, economic depression, or even a great plague.

Paradigm Shifts in HistoryParadigm Shifts in History

Pendulum swings between two opposite poles, may between right wing Pendulum swings between two opposite poles, may between right wing
and left wing, conservatism and compassion for the poor—social and left wing, conservatism and compassion for the poor—social
reformreform

Progressive Era—1900-1914Progressive Era—1900-1914

World War I—conservativeWorld War I—conservative

Great Depression—social reformGreat Depression—social reform

World War II and the ’50sWorld War II and the ’50s

1960s1960s

Reaganism—trickle down theory Reaganism—trickle down theory

From the Bushes to Obama—attempts to address the plight of the poorFrom the Bushes to Obama—attempts to address the plight of the poor

Disillusionment today with capitalism and big banks and big business Disillusionment today with capitalism and big banks and big business
as a result of economic crisis of 2008as a result of economic crisis of 2008

Macro-Level ResearchMacro-Level Research

NASW Code of Ethics (1996) social workers to promote NASW Code of Ethics (1996) social workers to promote
research and look toward social changeresearch and look toward social change

Macro level research rarely funded by the government.Macro level research rarely funded by the government.

Evidence-based practice research in demand and vital for Evidence-based practice research in demand and vital for
social change.social change.

Watch for research biases: researcher’s agenda, selection of Watch for research biases: researcher’s agenda, selection of
variables studied, choice of sample and manner in which data variables studied, choice of sample and manner in which data
are collected.are collected.

Statistical data available at: Statistical data available at: www.warresisters.org , ,
www.amnestyusa.org , , www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs , ,
www.jointogether.org , , www.vpc.org , , www.drugpolicy.org

Research DesignResearch Design

Knowledge of research techniques and Knowledge of research techniques and
interpretations enhance critical thinkinginterpretations enhance critical thinking

Social workers need accurate and reliable data at Social workers need accurate and reliable data at
hand to refute false claims and to lobby the hand to refute false claims and to lobby the
legislature for reformlegislature for reform

Participatory research design—language from Participatory research design—language from
the people being studiedthe people being studied

Ethics of industry-funded research and the Ethics of industry-funded research and the
influence of funding source on the findingsinfluence of funding source on the findings

Introduction to Macro TheoryIntroduction to Macro Theory

Theoretical perspectives are ideologically based, especially macro Theoretical perspectives are ideologically based, especially macro
theory which pertains to the social structure.theory which pertains to the social structure.

They reflect cultural and personal biases of the theorist and the They reflect cultural and personal biases of the theorist and the
period. period.

Theories continually grow and change.Theories continually grow and change.

Theoretical models in this chapter include: ecosystems Theoretical models in this chapter include: ecosystems
frameworks, sociological theories of structural-functionalism, frameworks, sociological theories of structural-functionalism,
conflict and structural, and newer approaches--feminist, conflict and structural, and newer approaches--feminist,
empowerment and anti-oppression.empowerment and anti-oppression.

Each has strengths and weaknesses. Each has strengths and weaknesses.

Macro Level Social Work
Social work concerned with sustainability today,
given economic and environmental crises
Social work as in between socialism and
capitalism
Social workers link with social welfare
programming for the benefit of their clients;
their effectiveness depends on external financial
support.

Ecosystems ModelEcosystems Model

A combination of systems concepts and A combination of systems concepts and
ecological frameworkecological framework

Systems approach a reaction against dominance Systems approach a reaction against dominance
of Freudian theoryof Freudian theory

Holistic; focused on interaction among parts to Holistic; focused on interaction among parts to
make up a whole make up a whole

Brought to scientific prominence in the 1960s Brought to scientific prominence in the 1960s
through work of von Bertalanffy, a biologistthrough work of von Bertalanffy, a biologist

Theory to serve as a bridge between professionals Theory to serve as a bridge between professionals
from different fieldsfrom different fields

Basic Assumptions of Systems ModelBasic Assumptions of Systems Model

The whole is more than sum of its parts.The whole is more than sum of its parts.

Open and closed systems: Open and closed systems:

An open system conducts a steady state of exchange An open system conducts a steady state of exchange
with the environment. with the environment.

A closed system is shut off from its environment.A closed system is shut off from its environment.

Increasing differentiation and specialization Increasing differentiation and specialization
from single cell to entire organismfrom single cell to entire organism

Boundaries of the system: firm yet flexibleBoundaries of the system: firm yet flexible

Causality is non-linear, interactiveCausality is non-linear, interactive

Evaluation of Systems ModelEvaluation of Systems Model

How to verify? How to verify?
Cannot be proved or disproved by conventional Cannot be proved or disproved by conventional
methodological techniquesmethodological techniques

Does the theory incorporate diversity and Does the theory incorporate diversity and
oppression? oppression?
Focus is more on order than disorder, little Focus is more on order than disorder, little
emphasis on diversity or oppressionemphasis on diversity or oppression
System said to return to equilibrium, no allowance System said to return to equilibrium, no allowance
for social changefor social change

Contributions of Systems ModelContributions of Systems Model

Virginia Satir (1972) highly influential family therapist, Virginia Satir (1972) highly influential family therapist,
taught therapists to look for family patterns, saw roles taught therapists to look for family patterns, saw roles
as interconnected.as interconnected.

Family therapists such as Bowen focused on need for Family therapists such as Bowen focused on need for
firm family boundaries and healthy family firm family boundaries and healthy family
communication patterns.communication patterns.

Provides scope and flexibility which may be used at Provides scope and flexibility which may be used at
any level.any level.

Offers a process for the organization of knowledge in Offers a process for the organization of knowledge in
social work.social work.

Criticisms of Systems ModelCriticisms of Systems Model

Negative criticism: Negative criticism:

Lacks a prescription for assessment or intervention in social Lacks a prescription for assessment or intervention in social
work.work.

As “order theory,” it fails to deal with variables such as class, As “order theory,” it fails to deal with variables such as class,
race, gender or power relations and conflicts.race, gender or power relations and conflicts.

Positive criticism:Positive criticism:

Offers for human behavior a macro perspective, attention Offers for human behavior a macro perspective, attention
to roles and role playing within the family, work, societyto roles and role playing within the family, work, society

Provides a focus on feedback and system boundariesProvides a focus on feedback and system boundaries

Shows how parts of the whole fit together and are mutually Shows how parts of the whole fit together and are mutually
reinforcingreinforcing

EcosystemsEcosystems Framework Framework

Ecological approach—popularized in the “life model” of Ecological approach—popularized in the “life model” of
Germain and Gitterman (1980,1996). Notion of adaptation of Germain and Gitterman (1980,1996). Notion of adaptation of
organism to the environment.organism to the environment.

Systems model focuses on roles; ecology focuses on the setting Systems model focuses on roles; ecology focuses on the setting
or habitat. or habitat.

Combination of systems theory and an ecological, interactive Combination of systems theory and an ecological, interactive
perspectiveperspective

A hybrid model for describing human interaction--views A hybrid model for describing human interaction--views
organisms in constant interaction and as interdependent with organisms in constant interaction and as interdependent with
each other and the environment.each other and the environment.

Environment Environment in ecosystems terms refers to the neighborhood in in ecosystems terms refers to the neighborhood in
which one lives and the schools one attends and, in this book, which one lives and the schools one attends and, in this book,
the natural realm.the natural realm.

Basic Assumptions and ConceptsBasic Assumptions and Concepts

Film: Film: America’s Lost LandscapeAmerica’s Lost Landscape (2005) shows (2005) shows
how life on the prairie is circular as are the how life on the prairie is circular as are the
seasons; anything that was at one time will be seasons; anything that was at one time will be
again.again.

Balance not equilibrium—earth in balanceBalance not equilibrium—earth in balance

InteractionismInteractionism::

Force exerted by the organism affects the Force exerted by the organism affects the
environment environment

Organism Organism adaptsadapts, partially adapts or fails to adapt , partially adapts or fails to adapt
to stress from the environmentto stress from the environment

Organisms work together to form a Organisms work together to form a systemsystem

Other Key Ecological ConceptsOther Key Ecological Concepts

Niche Niche : a particular place suitable to the growth and : a particular place suitable to the growth and
development of the organismdevelopment of the organism

Transactions :Transactions : interactions between people and others in interactions between people and others in
their environmenttheir environment

Energy Energy : borrowed from systems theory, refers to the : borrowed from systems theory, refers to the
power which springs forth and takes the form of input power which springs forth and takes the form of input
or output depending on the direction of the energyor output depending on the direction of the energy

Targets of change Targets of change : the source of the social work : the source of the social work
intervention-- can be individuals, groups, or whole intervention-- can be individuals, groups, or whole
communitiescommunities

SustainabilitySustainability

Important concept added to ecosystems in this text, a Important concept added to ecosystems in this text, a
means of assessment of a policy of practicemeans of assessment of a policy of practice

Definition—meeting present needs without destroying Definition—meeting present needs without destroying
resources for future generationsresources for future generations

Are present environmental practices sustainableAre present environmental practices sustainable
(for example, deep sea oil drilling)?(for example, deep sea oil drilling)?

Nancy Mary—we need to a sustainability-first not Nancy Mary—we need to a sustainability-first not
markets-first scenario, social work focus markets-first scenario, social work focus

Environmental sustainability is also economically Environmental sustainability is also economically
sustainable in preserving resourcessustainable in preserving resources

Criticism of Ecosystems ApproachCriticism of Ecosystems Approach

Seen as overly inclusive, non-prescriptive, and it Seen as overly inclusive, non-prescriptive, and it
doesn’t explain anything doesn’t explain anything

Non-verifiable in its broadest formulationNon-verifiable in its broadest formulation

But built on truths that can be validated such as the But built on truths that can be validated such as the
impact of pollution on the earth and all living thingsimpact of pollution on the earth and all living things

Does it incorporate issues of diversity and oppression?Does it incorporate issues of diversity and oppression?

Yes; it can examine cultural environments and how Yes; it can examine cultural environments and how
organizations adapt to cultural diversity organizations adapt to cultural diversity

Oppression can be addressed from an empowerment Oppression can be addressed from an empowerment
perspective as we do in this text.perspective as we do in this text.

Contributions to Social WorkContributions to Social Work

Important idea that person and the environment are in Important idea that person and the environment are in
constant and dynamic interaction, a non-linear viewconstant and dynamic interaction, a non-linear view

Family therapy borrows from ecology; roles individuals Family therapy borrows from ecology; roles individuals
play in a family are seen as complementary and play in a family are seen as complementary and
interactive. This insight is relevant also to group work. interactive. This insight is relevant also to group work.

Advantages: provides the ability to analyze circular Advantages: provides the ability to analyze circular
connections between worker and client, value in connections between worker and client, value in
assessment, integration of other social work theoriesassessment, integration of other social work theories

More representative than general systems theory of More representative than general systems theory of
reality, adaptable to all levels of intervention.reality, adaptable to all levels of intervention.

What Does the Theory Teach about Human What Does the Theory Teach about Human
Behavior?Behavior?

The concept of The concept of adaptationadaptation in assessing the in assessing the
goodness of goodness of person-environment fit person-environment fit or how well or how well
people cope with stressors in their surroundings.people cope with stressors in their surroundings.

Can serve to locate points of oppression and the Can serve to locate points of oppression and the
need for structural change to provide personal need for structural change to provide personal
growth and development.growth and development.

Notion of sustainability provides insights and Notion of sustainability provides insights and
accountability for policies.accountability for policies.

Structural FunctionalismStructural Functionalism

A theory from sociology—addresses phenomena at the A theory from sociology—addresses phenomena at the
macro-macro levelmacro-macro level

Views the social system as composed of interdependent Views the social system as composed of interdependent
parts, each with positive consequences or functions, parts, each with positive consequences or functions,
working together to produce stability.working together to produce stability.

Talcott Parsons, 1940s, wanted to construct a grand Talcott Parsons, 1940s, wanted to construct a grand
theory for all the social sciences:theory for all the social sciences:

SSocial system must have an adaptive function to relate to ocial system must have an adaptive function to relate to
other systems. There must be a other systems. There must be a pattern of maintenancepattern of maintenance and and
tension managementtension management

Tendency for system to maintain equilibriumTendency for system to maintain equilibrium

Structural FunctionalismStructural Functionalism

Merton (1957) contributed concepts of latent and Merton (1957) contributed concepts of latent and
manifest functionsmanifest functions

Manifest : stated, obvious reasons for an activityManifest : stated, obvious reasons for an activity

Latent: unintended or not initially recognized reasonsLatent: unintended or not initially recognized reasons

Conflict can unite people against source of conflict.Conflict can unite people against source of conflict.

Gans (1995): used functional analysis from a radical Gans (1995): used functional analysis from a radical
perspective to consider the functions of poverty--perspective to consider the functions of poverty--
Poverty has many latent functions such as giving us Poverty has many latent functions such as giving us
people to feel superior to, making jobs for social people to feel superior to, making jobs for social
workers, etc.workers, etc.

Contribution to Social WorkContribution to Social Work

No place for individuals in system, only statuses and No place for individuals in system, only statuses and
rolesroles

Relevance at the wider societal levelRelevance at the wider societal level

Enables social workers to examine social institutions Enables social workers to examine social institutions
from a broad-based perspectivefrom a broad-based perspective
Major criticismsMajor criticisms

Conservative bias of early sociologists due to focus on Conservative bias of early sociologists due to focus on
maintaining equilibriummaintaining equilibrium

Acceptance of the status quoAcceptance of the status quo

Fails to focus on the nature and meaning of the Fails to focus on the nature and meaning of the
interaction among humans interaction among humans

Is the Theory Verifiable?Is the Theory Verifiable?

Society decides whether a custom or social activity is Society decides whether a custom or social activity is
functional or not.functional or not.

Government statistics may show the good or harm of a Government statistics may show the good or harm of a
certain practice such as organized crime, the death penalty certain practice such as organized crime, the death penalty
or poverty.or poverty.
Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity
and oppression?and oppression?

Structural functionalism tends to justify societal issues Structural functionalism tends to justify societal issues
instead of social change to end oppression.instead of social change to end oppression.

Functional analysis may be used by radicals in a creative Functional analysis may be used by radicals in a creative
way to explain oppression.way to explain oppression.

What Does It Teach about Human What Does It Teach about Human
Behavior?Behavior?

Functional analysis can be used to handle why Functional analysis can be used to handle why
questions: why homophobia, poverty, or crime questions: why homophobia, poverty, or crime

But theorists should also consider the dysfunctions of But theorists should also consider the dysfunctions of
homophobia, poverty, etc., in our societyhomophobia, poverty, etc., in our society

Especially important to consider are the Especially important to consider are the latent functions latent functions
of an activity or custom (for example, weddings and of an activity or custom (for example, weddings and
funerals) to appreciate the unintended and hidden funerals) to appreciate the unintended and hidden
aspects of the activities and ritualsaspects of the activities and rituals

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

Also from sociology, reaction to functionalismAlso from sociology, reaction to functionalism

Societies not seen in equilibrium here but as in perpetual Societies not seen in equilibrium here but as in perpetual
conflict– torn by constraint and struggles for power.conflict– torn by constraint and struggles for power.

Assumptions and concepts:Assumptions and concepts:

Karl Marx: Karl Marx: alienationalienation of people from the social system that of people from the social system that
exploits themexploits them

C. Wright Mills: C. Wright Mills: thethe power elitepower elite and and thethe sociological sociological
imagination imagination needed to see through aims of the power needed to see through aims of the power
structurestructure

Piven and Cloward: Elites in society can be counted on to Piven and Cloward: Elites in society can be counted on to
provide only enough aid to prevent mass disorder and provide only enough aid to prevent mass disorder and
regulate the poor. Welfare aid is stigmatized.regulate the poor. Welfare aid is stigmatized.

Conflict TheoryConflict Theory

OffersOffers structural structural explanations for social and many personal explanations for social and many personal
problems.problems.

OppressionOppression of the people who are left out of the power of the people who are left out of the power
structure.structure.

Social controlSocial control seen as a function of much of social work. seen as a function of much of social work.

Canadian theorist Bob Mullaly (1997): Canadian theorist Bob Mullaly (1997): structural social work –structural social work –
focus on structure.focus on structure. Views one’s circumstances and difficulties Views one’s circumstances and difficulties
as connected to one’s economic and social position in society. as connected to one’s economic and social position in society.

Conflict theory includes feminist, empowerment, and anti-Conflict theory includes feminist, empowerment, and anti-
oppressive ideas.oppressive ideas.

ConsiderationsConsiderations
Is conflict theory verifiable?Is conflict theory verifiable?

Mills’s (1956) concept of the power elite can be Mills’s (1956) concept of the power elite can be
validated through the study of major validated through the study of major
contributors to political campaigns. Who are the contributors to political campaigns. Who are the
major contributors? major contributors?
Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity
and oppression?and oppression?

It looks at the status quo in a critical light.It looks at the status quo in a critical light.

Oppression is a key element in these perspectives Oppression is a key element in these perspectives
derived from Marxism.derived from Marxism.

What is the Influence on Social What is the Influence on Social
Work?Work?

Impact of conflict theory seen in social work code of ethics Impact of conflict theory seen in social work code of ethics
which was revised to include ethical responsibilities for social which was revised to include ethical responsibilities for social
change (NASW, 1996).change (NASW, 1996).

Seen in international social work’s revised definition of social Seen in international social work’s revised definition of social
work to stress principles of human rights and social justice work to stress principles of human rights and social justice
(IFSW, 2004).(IFSW, 2004).

Critiques of global capitalism borrow ideas from conflict theory.Critiques of global capitalism borrow ideas from conflict theory.

This view helps guide critical thinking about the typical client’s This view helps guide critical thinking about the typical client’s
position within the macro environment and how the system position within the macro environment and how the system
worksworks

Impact on social work education, including HSBE curriculum.Impact on social work education, including HSBE curriculum.

Major Criticisms of Conflict TheoryMajor Criticisms of Conflict Theory

Advocates collective action: weak in dealing with Advocates collective action: weak in dealing with
individuals with emotional problemsindividuals with emotional problems

Radical social workers faulted for failing to listen Radical social workers faulted for failing to listen
to the clients’ interpretations of their problems.to the clients’ interpretations of their problems.

Conflict does not necessarily lead to change – Conflict does not necessarily lead to change –
may be viewed as a negative outlook.may be viewed as a negative outlook.

View of clients as victimized is disempowering.View of clients as victimized is disempowering.

Highly ideological.Highly ideological.

What Does the Theory Teach about What Does the Theory Teach about
Human Behavior?Human Behavior?

Guides students and practitioners to think critically about power Guides students and practitioners to think critically about power
imbalances in society: legislation, policies, oppression of the imbalances in society: legislation, policies, oppression of the
poor.poor.

Helps us understand power and why the rich are getting richer Helps us understand power and why the rich are getting richer
and the poor, poorer and the poor, poorer

Shows how means-tested programs ultimately destroy the Shows how means-tested programs ultimately destroy the
programsprograms

Shows how welfare practices regulate the poor, and establish Shows how welfare practices regulate the poor, and establish
social control.social control.

Reveals tendencies in society toward greed and punitiveness, the Reveals tendencies in society toward greed and punitiveness, the
tendency to look down on others.tendency to look down on others.

Feminist, Empowerment, and Anti-Feminist, Empowerment, and Anti-
Oppressive PerspectivesOppressive Perspectives

Feminism as defined by Van den Bergh and Cooper Feminism as defined by Van den Bergh and Cooper
(1995): “a conceptual framework and mode of analysis (1995): “a conceptual framework and mode of analysis
that has analyzed the status of women cross-culturally that has analyzed the status of women cross-culturally
and historically to explain dynamics and conditions and historically to explain dynamics and conditions
undergirding disparities in socio-cultural status and undergirding disparities in socio-cultural status and
power between majority and minority populations” power between majority and minority populations”
(p.xii).(p.xii).

Term popularized with the women’s movement of early Term popularized with the women’s movement of early
’70s’70s

““Women’s lib” was mocked in the media at the time.Women’s lib” was mocked in the media at the time.

Types of FeminismTypes of Feminism

Liberal feminism – equality between men and women through legislationLiberal feminism – equality between men and women through legislation

Radical feminism-- focus on patriarchy, stresses differences between men and Radical feminism-- focus on patriarchy, stresses differences between men and
womenwomen

Socialist or Marxist feminism- oppression viewed as part of the structural Socialist or Marxist feminism- oppression viewed as part of the structural
inequality within the class-based social systeminequality within the class-based social system

Black feminism- racism and sexism, black experience compared to experience Black feminism- racism and sexism, black experience compared to experience
of white women. Term womanism often preferred.of white women. Term womanism often preferred.

Latina feminism—unique history and culture, need for empowermentLatina feminism—unique history and culture, need for empowerment

Post-modern feminism- how society through language creates social Post-modern feminism- how society through language creates social
assumptions of how women are and how they should be treated.assumptions of how women are and how they should be treated.

**Add to this list Ecofeminism – an environmental view that the oppression **Add to this list Ecofeminism – an environmental view that the oppression
of women and nature are inextricably linked. Mother Earth.of women and nature are inextricably linked. Mother Earth.

Feminist PerspectiveFeminist Perspective

Boxed reading: personal narrative— “Cries from the Boxed reading: personal narrative— “Cries from the
Second Wave”—one woman’s awakening during the ’70s Second Wave”—one woman’s awakening during the ’70s

Third Wave Feminism: social change through law and Third Wave Feminism: social change through law and
legislation rather than through protestlegislation rather than through protest

IntersectionalityIntersectionality

Popular books for younger generation: Popular books for younger generation:

Feminism Is for EveryoneFeminism Is for Everyone (bell hooks, 2000) (bell hooks, 2000)

ManifestaManifesta, Baumgardner and Richards(2000)—speak to the , Baumgardner and Richards(2000)—speak to the
younger generationyounger generation

GirldriveGirldrive—recent book, interviews across America to find —recent book, interviews across America to find
why the term feminism is rejected by young women.why the term feminism is rejected by young women.

Empowerment PerspectiveEmpowerment Perspective
(Note: feminism and anti-oppressive social work are both empowerment (Note: feminism and anti-oppressive social work are both empowerment
approaches; here we are talking about social work’s empowerment approaches; here we are talking about social work’s empowerment
perspective)perspective)

The term sprang out of the Civil Rights and feminist The term sprang out of the Civil Rights and feminist
movements.movements.

Early work in the field:Early work in the field: Black Empowerment Black Empowerment by Solomon (1976)by Solomon (1976)

Focus on use of power to keep people downFocus on use of power to keep people down

People encouraged to learn how to obtain power and work People encouraged to learn how to obtain power and work
for social changefor social change

To be empowered, a person or group requires an To be empowered, a person or group requires an
environment that provides options.environment that provides options.

Empowerment ascribes authority to the individual to make Empowerment ascribes authority to the individual to make
choices.choices.

Anti-Oppressive ApproachAnti-Oppressive Approach

A more radical approach than the US social work empowerment A more radical approach than the US social work empowerment
approachapproach

Focus on oppressive system that needs to be drastically changedFocus on oppressive system that needs to be drastically changed

Aim to minimize power differences in society and in the Aim to minimize power differences in society and in the
professions, to maximize the rights to which all people are professions, to maximize the rights to which all people are
entitledentitled

In In Anti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and PracticeAnti-Oppressive Social Work Theory and Practice, Dominelli (2002) , Dominelli (2002)
advocates a human rights-based social work.advocates a human rights-based social work.

Widely used in U.K. and Canadian social workWidely used in U.K. and Canadian social work

Views the capitalist social system as generally oppressiveViews the capitalist social system as generally oppressive

Focus on sweeping social change, has a structural, Marxist baseFocus on sweeping social change, has a structural, Marxist base

ConsiderationsConsiderations
Can these approaches be validated?Can these approaches be validated?

Verifiable in many of the claims through use of Verifiable in many of the claims through use of
government statistical data and international sources – government statistical data and international sources –
poverty, oppression and discrimination.poverty, oppression and discrimination.

Basic ideology convincing but hard to prove.Basic ideology convincing but hard to prove.
Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity and Does the theory incorporate issues of diversity and
oppression?oppression?

The dynamics of oppression, exploitation, social The dynamics of oppression, exploitation, social
isolation, marginalization and backlash are the focus of isolation, marginalization and backlash are the focus of
this approach.this approach.

Contribution to Social WorkContribution to Social Work
Feminism has had the most tangible impact of the Feminism has had the most tangible impact of the
three approaches on social work and society: three approaches on social work and society:

Has led to a paradigm shift in women’s awareness Has led to a paradigm shift in women’s awareness
they deserved the same privileges and rights as men they deserved the same privileges and rights as men

Has had a direct influence in the development of Has had a direct influence in the development of
social work as a predominantly women’s profession.social work as a predominantly women’s profession.

Has caused a refocus on women’s needs and safety Has caused a refocus on women’s needs and safety
rather than conformity to tradition.rather than conformity to tradition.

Recognition of the oppression of black women Recognition of the oppression of black women
especially through writings of bell hooks.especially through writings of bell hooks.

Major Criticisms Major Criticisms

Feminism: 2Feminism: 2
ndnd
wave leaders are criticized for— wave leaders are criticized for—

Focusing on the concerns of white middle class women Focusing on the concerns of white middle class women

Dividing “working” women and women who chose to work Dividing “working” women and women who chose to work
at home as housewives, at home as housewives,

failing to include men in the movement.failing to include men in the movement.

Empowerment: focuses exclusively on working within Empowerment: focuses exclusively on working within
the system to the neglect of the necessary changes the system to the neglect of the necessary changes
required of the system as a wholerequired of the system as a whole

Anti-oppressive: many oppressed persons do not Anti-oppressive: many oppressed persons do not
accept the radical view of oppression and do not feel accept the radical view of oppression and do not feel
connected to other oppressed groupsconnected to other oppressed groups

What These Approaches Teach about Human What These Approaches Teach about Human
Behavior Behavior

They show the reality of sexism, racism, ageism, They show the reality of sexism, racism, ageism,
heterosexism, ethnocentrism, etc.heterosexism, ethnocentrism, etc.

They raise awareness of the nature of oppression They raise awareness of the nature of oppression
and the need to use of power in positive ways and the need to use of power in positive ways
through raising public consciousness.through raising public consciousness.

They show how with help, most people can gain They show how with help, most people can gain
power over their own lives and take action power over their own lives and take action
against their own oppression.against their own oppression.

Practice ImplicationsPractice Implications

General systems theory broadens our perspectives.General systems theory broadens our perspectives.

The ecosystems model adds an environmental focus and reveals The ecosystems model adds an environmental focus and reveals
the interconnectedness off all life – social, physical and spiritual.the interconnectedness off all life – social, physical and spiritual.

Structural functionalism helps us understand the functions of Structural functionalism helps us understand the functions of
social institutions and their implications.social institutions and their implications.

Conflict theory shows that group solidarity is critical and Conflict theory shows that group solidarity is critical and
necessary to influence state and local policy.necessary to influence state and local policy.

Feminist theory guides practitioners in dealing with partner Feminist theory guides practitioners in dealing with partner
violence, gender identity, and child rearing practices providing violence, gender identity, and child rearing practices providing
insights and enhancing critical analysis.insights and enhancing critical analysis.

Chapter 2Chapter 2
The Social Psychology of Group BehaviorThe Social Psychology of Group Behavior

This chapter studies human behavior in situations of This chapter studies human behavior in situations of
social conformity and shows the influence of the group social conformity and shows the influence of the group
on the individual in both normal and extreme on the individual in both normal and extreme
situations.situations.

Classic StudiesClassic Studies

Present day social psychologists rely on classic studies—most would not be Present day social psychologists rely on classic studies—most would not be
approved by ethical boards today. approved by ethical boards today.

These classic experiments teach us about human behavior—obedience and These classic experiments teach us about human behavior—obedience and
conformity.conformity.

Kurt Lewin, 1940s, father of small group research Kurt Lewin, 1940s, father of small group research

grew up as Jew in authoritarian Germanygrew up as Jew in authoritarian Germany

interested in democratic forms of government interested in democratic forms of government

Conducted group experimentation on the impact of styles of leadership Conducted group experimentation on the impact of styles of leadership
((democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire) democratic, autocratic and laissez-faire) on boys’ productivity.on boys’ productivity.

Gisela Konopka, also a Jewish refugee from Germany Gisela Konopka, also a Jewish refugee from Germany

A group worker, She returned to help rebuild the country.A group worker, She returned to help rebuild the country.

Today considered the mother of social work in GermanyToday considered the mother of social work in Germany

Studies by sociologists such as Sutherland on Chicago street gang activityStudies by sociologists such as Sutherland on Chicago street gang activity

Studies of experiments on productivity of industrial work groups.Studies of experiments on productivity of industrial work groups.

Sherif’s Summer Camp ExperimentsSherif’s Summer Camp Experiments

Muzafer Sherif, ‘40s and early ‘50s Muzafer Sherif, ‘40s and early ‘50s

Student of LewinStudent of Lewin

Conducted the Robber’s cave experiments on boys Conducted the Robber’s cave experiments on boys
at campat camp

His experiments showed how conflict and His experiments showed how conflict and
cooperation can be generatedcooperation can be generated

Importance of sImportance of superordinate goals – uperordinate goals – cooperation in cooperation in
order to achieve objective.order to achieve objective.

Festinger’s UFO StudyFestinger’s UFO Study

Leon Festinger also studied under LewinLeon Festinger also studied under Lewin

Desire to study how people behave when the facts Desire to study how people behave when the facts
contradict their beliefs, how they reconcile thiscontradict their beliefs, how they reconcile this

When Prophecy Fails—When Prophecy Fails—participant observation participant observation

Author joined a group of UFO religious fanaticsAuthor joined a group of UFO religious fanatics

Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance when world didn’t endwhen world didn’t end

Ethical issues of his researchEthical issues of his research

Cognitive dissonance related to war in Iraq when Cognitive dissonance related to war in Iraq when
weapons of mass destruction not foundweapons of mass destruction not found

Studies of Social conformityStudies of Social conformity

Social psychologists say that social conformity is Social psychologists say that social conformity is
maintained in informal groups because people maintained in informal groups because people
value approval.value approval.

Classic experimental design of Solomon Asch Classic experimental design of Solomon Asch
(1951)—this one can be replicated today. (1951)—this one can be replicated today.

Conformity is more prevalent in collectivist Conformity is more prevalent in collectivist
societies such as Japan, Norway, and China than societies such as Japan, Norway, and China than
in individualistic societies like the United States in individualistic societies like the United States
and France.and France.

Social Psychology of the Jury TrialSocial Psychology of the Jury Trial

Researchers must rely on mock trials or witness accounts due to Researchers must rely on mock trials or witness accounts due to
cameras and observers not being allowed during jury cameras and observers not being allowed during jury
deliberations.deliberations.

Success of use of jury is because of the pressures to conform to Success of use of jury is because of the pressures to conform to
group norms, a cross-cultural trait.group norms, a cross-cultural trait.

Diversity in the jury pool is important to reduce the chances of Diversity in the jury pool is important to reduce the chances of
group think.group think.

Movie: Movie: 12 Angry Men,12 Angry Men, 1957 showed the power of conformity. 1957 showed the power of conformity.

Michael Jackson trial – one juror later reported harassment Michael Jackson trial – one juror later reported harassment
including ageism to force her to agree in not guilty verdict.including ageism to force her to agree in not guilty verdict.

Milgram’s Obedience StudyMilgram’s Obedience Study

Stanley Milgram – conformity studies (early 1960s) at Yale Stanley Milgram – conformity studies (early 1960s) at Yale
University. University.

His research is probably the best remembered of the social psychological His research is probably the best remembered of the social psychological
experimentsexperiments

Jewish background inspired his interest in obedience to orders to inflict Jewish background inspired his interest in obedience to orders to inflict
harmharm

““Teaching” experiment—use of apparent shocks on the learnerTeaching” experiment—use of apparent shocks on the learner

Most of the subjects complied with the orders.Most of the subjects complied with the orders.

Parallels drawn today with Abu GhraibParallels drawn today with Abu Ghraib

Explanation by Tavris and Aronson—self-justificationExplanation by Tavris and Aronson—self-justification

When gradually led into violence or crime, have invested in that, hard to When gradually led into violence or crime, have invested in that, hard to
go backgo back

Also works in therapy; take one small stepAlso works in therapy; take one small step

Erving Goffman’s Role TheoryErving Goffman’s Role Theory
Presentation of Self in Everyday LifePresentation of Self in Everyday Life

““All the world’s a stage” All the world’s a stage”

Concepts: front stage, back stage, impression Concepts: front stage, back stage, impression
managementmanagement

roles in the home, hospital, factory work place, restaurant, roles in the home, hospital, factory work place, restaurant,
church, and at the party.church, and at the party.
AsylumsAsylums

Life in the total institutionLife in the total institution -- --prisons, the military, the prisons, the military, the
convent and mental institutions convent and mental institutions

Social control functionSocial control function

Social Life of the Nursing HomeSocial Life of the Nursing Home

Nursing homes are the familiar institutions of today, as were the Nursing homes are the familiar institutions of today, as were the
asylums of the past.asylums of the past.

40 % of Americans over the age of 65 will spend time in a 40 % of Americans over the age of 65 will spend time in a
nursing home before they die.nursing home before they die.

Patients at serious risk for health problems due to low number Patients at serious risk for health problems due to low number
of nursing home workers.of nursing home workers.

Goffman’s “impression management” – this may involve Goffman’s “impression management” – this may involve
renaming the thing (place or condition) that has taken on renaming the thing (place or condition) that has taken on
negative connotations.negative connotations.

Nursing homes have been renamed assisted living centers or Nursing homes have been renamed assisted living centers or
skilled care facilities and décor changed to resemble homelike skilled care facilities and décor changed to resemble homelike
atmosphere.atmosphere.

StigmaStigma

Goffman wrote Goffman wrote Stigma Stigma (1963) (1963)

This book drew on social labeling theory – physical disabilities This book drew on social labeling theory – physical disabilities
and official diagnoses come to take on a life of their own.and official diagnoses come to take on a life of their own.

Three categories of stigma:Three categories of stigma:
1. abominations of the body or physical deformities. 1. abominations of the body or physical deformities.
2. blemishes of the individual character , such as a 2. blemishes of the individual character , such as a
criminal record.criminal record.
3. tribal stigma of race, nation, and religion.3. tribal stigma of race, nation, and religion.

“ “Turning Points”--Boxed reading by Rudolph Alexander, Jr. Turning Points”--Boxed reading by Rudolph Alexander, Jr.
shows how a juvenile sentenced to death row was able to shows how a juvenile sentenced to death row was able to
overcome his label and stigmaovercome his label and stigma

Studies Involving ContextStudies Involving Context

1971- Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo’s mock 1971- Stanford psychologist Philip Zimbardo’s mock
prison experiment prison experiment

Some were guards; some were inmatesSome were guards; some were inmates

Shocking results related to abuse of powerShocking results related to abuse of power

Parallels drawn to Abu GhraibParallels drawn to Abu Ghraib

Psychological processes of Psychological processes of dehumanizationdehumanization and and
deindividuationdeindividuation, or a state of lessened self-awareness, or a state of lessened self-awareness

Aronson (2004) had female students administer electric Aronson (2004) had female students administer electric
shocks to another student.shocks to another student.

MobMob behavior described inbehavior described in To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird (Lee, (Lee,
1961)1961)

The stabbing of Kitty GenoveseThe stabbing of Kitty Genovese

PrejudicePrejudice

A learned phenomenon, transmitted from generation to A learned phenomenon, transmitted from generation to
generation through socialization processesgeneration through socialization processes

An attitude of negative prejudgment on the basis of a An attitude of negative prejudgment on the basis of a
defined characteristic such as race, ethnicity, religion, or defined characteristic such as race, ethnicity, religion, or
gendergender

Use of fear approaches by government leads people to Use of fear approaches by government leads people to
support military and to vote conservativesupport military and to vote conservative

Conservatives tend to see more in black and white, Conservatives tend to see more in black and white,
harsher punishments (in study of political literature)harsher punishments (in study of political literature)

DiscriminationDiscrimination

Involves a physical act such as refusing to hire a person Involves a physical act such as refusing to hire a person
because they are African American or Latino or a because they are African American or Latino or a
woman.woman.

May arise from unofficial or official policyMay arise from unofficial or official policy

Note: the person who carries out the policy may Note: the person who carries out the policy may
discriminate without being prejudiced and conversely, discriminate without being prejudiced and conversely,
the person may harbor prejudices but refuse to the person may harbor prejudices but refuse to
discriminate based on government regulations.discriminate based on government regulations.

StereotypingStereotyping

Assigning identical characteristics to any person Assigning identical characteristics to any person
in a group, regardless of the actual variation in a group, regardless of the actual variation
among members of that group.among members of that group.

May arise from past experience with one or May arise from past experience with one or
more members of a group; that experience is more members of a group; that experience is
then generalized to all group members.then generalized to all group members.

Psychological ExplanationsPsychological Explanations

Social workers need to have some general Social workers need to have some general
understanding of the nature of prejudice—will see it in understanding of the nature of prejudice—will see it in
their work with clientstheir work with clients

Allport, Allport, The Nature of PrejudiceThe Nature of Prejudice (1954)- outgroup (1954)- outgroup
prejudiceprejudice

Anti-Semitism studyAnti-Semitism study

Adorno devised an F-Scale to measure fascist or authoritarian Adorno devised an F-Scale to measure fascist or authoritarian
tendencies.tendencies.

child-rearing practices found to be related to prejudicechild-rearing practices found to be related to prejudice

A recent study used statistical methods to detect A recent study used statistical methods to detect
personality patterns in politically conservative persons personality patterns in politically conservative persons
and found them authoritarian.and found them authoritarian.

Psychological Explanations for PrejudicePsychological Explanations for Prejudice

ProjectionProjection of negative traits onto others (Freud) of negative traits onto others (Freud)

Reaction formationReaction formation

Adams, Wright and Lohr (1996)—a University of Adams, Wright and Lohr (1996)—a University of
Georgia study on the relationship between homophobia Georgia study on the relationship between homophobia
and latent homosexualityand latent homosexuality

Cases of Matthew Shepard and Jason Gage, openly gay, Cases of Matthew Shepard and Jason Gage, openly gay,
savagely beaten to deathsavagely beaten to death

Picketing of their funerals by hate group led by Picketing of their funerals by hate group led by
Reverend Fred Phelps of Topeka, Kansas—see Reverend Fred Phelps of Topeka, Kansas—see
photograph in the textphotograph in the text

Psychological Factors in Prejudice ContinuedPsychological Factors in Prejudice Continued

Lack of empathy often goes with a distorted Lack of empathy often goes with a distorted
self-imageself-image

Empathy-training activities with children show Empathy-training activities with children show
reduction in aggression toward others.reduction in aggression toward others.

Aronson’s Aronson’s jigsaw techniquejigsaw technique

Xenophobia, Xenophobia, term derived from the Greek word term derived from the Greek word
for stranger, used in modern English to refer to for stranger, used in modern English to refer to
a fear and dislike of foreigners a fear and dislike of foreigners

Sociological ExplanationsSociological Explanations

Herbert Blumer (1958) viewed racial prejudice from a Herbert Blumer (1958) viewed racial prejudice from a
sociological lens. Feelings of perceived threat by the dominant sociological lens. Feelings of perceived threat by the dominant
racial group.racial group.

Bobo (1999) considered feelings of alienation by members of Bobo (1999) considered feelings of alienation by members of
racial minority groups—resentment of recently arrived minority racial minority groups—resentment of recently arrived minority
groups who would have lower expectations and feel less groups who would have lower expectations and feel less
alienatedalienated

Social functions of prejudice: solidifies the group, encourages Social functions of prejudice: solidifies the group, encourages
internal bonding, the elite can shield themselves from opposition internal bonding, the elite can shield themselves from opposition
to their policies, hiring practices have economic impact.to their policies, hiring practices have economic impact.

Devah Pager (2005) research design – ex-convicts seeking jobs Devah Pager (2005) research design – ex-convicts seeking jobs

Scapegoat theories Scapegoat theories

BullyingBullying

……Sociological ExplanationsSociological Explanations

Blaming the victimBlaming the victim

Lerner (1981) Lerner (1981) Belief in a Just World, Belief in a Just World, describes how people describes how people
turn away from a loser. turn away from a loser.

The Bell Curve The Bell Curve co-authored by Charlesco-authored by Charles Murray (1994)Murray (1994)

argued the safety net of welfare was the cause of poverty argued the safety net of welfare was the cause of poverty

welfare aid should be removed for the betterment allwelfare aid should be removed for the betterment all

Boxed reading: Hurricane Katrina and Human Boxed reading: Hurricane Katrina and Human
Behavior Behavior

At first, officials blamed the victims for not leaving the cityAt first, officials blamed the victims for not leaving the city

Discusses how people were affected biologically, Discusses how people were affected biologically,
psychologically, socially and spiritually. psychologically, socially and spiritually.

Positive Aspects of Collective BehaviorPositive Aspects of Collective Behavior

Evolutionary perspective of group behavior, a sense of onenessEvolutionary perspective of group behavior, a sense of oneness

Raging Grannies as a positive example of protest with humorRaging Grannies as a positive example of protest with humor

Two social movements: Environmental movement and the Two social movements: Environmental movement and the
Kensington Action Alliance.Kensington Action Alliance.

Ecofeminism – term links the twin oppressions of women and Ecofeminism – term links the twin oppressions of women and
nature within the dominance structure of patriarchal social nature within the dominance structure of patriarchal social
conventionsconventions

Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU) to end povertyKensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU) to end poverty

Boxed reading—macro practice with homeless personsBoxed reading—macro practice with homeless persons

““New Freedom Bus Ride”New Freedom Bus Ride”

Social Welfare Action Alliance – Radical social work Social Welfare Action Alliance – Radical social work
organizationorganization

Poor People’s Economic Human Rights campaign--photosPoor People’s Economic Human Rights campaign--photos

Practice ImplicationsPractice Implications

Social work is about helping people turn their Social work is about helping people turn their
lives around, social justice and social change.lives around, social justice and social change.

Social psychology offers multidimensional Social psychology offers multidimensional
understanding of how people behave in certain understanding of how people behave in certain
situations.situations.

Provides knowledge about the impact of group Provides knowledge about the impact of group
cohesioncohesion

Teaches about the strength in social movementsTeaches about the strength in social movements

Chapter 3Chapter 3
The Small Group as a Social SystemThe Small Group as a Social System
This chapter describes the group process as it This chapter describes the group process as it
relates to social group practice including leading relates to social group practice including leading
task groups and therapy groups.task groups and therapy groups.

Why Study the Small Group?Why Study the Small Group?

CClients are often treated in group settings, lients are often treated in group settings,
especially substance abuse clients.especially substance abuse clients.


Insights about the client can be gained by observing the Insights about the client can be gained by observing the
client’s behavior in group settingclient’s behavior in group setting


Group therapy, a device for effecting individual changeGroup therapy, a device for effecting individual change

A A PsychodynamicPsychodynamic Approach Approach
From Irvin Yalom, From Irvin Yalom, The Theory and Practice of Group PsychotherapyThe Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy

Eleven primary elements in therapeutic change through group therapy:Eleven primary elements in therapeutic change through group therapy:
Instillation of HopeInstillation of Hope
Universality Universality
Imparting informationImparting information
AltruismAltruism
Recapitulation of the primary family group (for correction)Recapitulation of the primary family group (for correction)
Imitative behaviorImitative behavior
Interpersonal LearningInterpersonal Learning
Group cohesivenessGroup cohesiveness
CatharsisCatharsis
Existential factorsExistential factors

Small Group Structure and ProcessSmall Group Structure and Process

Hierarchy, equality, and democratic functioningHierarchy, equality, and democratic functioning

Pat Conroy, Pat Conroy, My Losing Season My Losing Season (2002) relates a boy’s (2002) relates a boy’s
turning point based on informal leadershipturning point based on informal leadership

George Homans (1950) internal and external systemsGeorge Homans (1950) internal and external systems
External systemExternal system – sentiment, activity and interaction – sentiment, activity and interaction
aimed primarily at the environment of the group that aimed primarily at the environment of the group that
enables the group to survive.enables the group to survive.
Internal systemInternal system – sentiment the group members – sentiment the group members
develop toward one another in the process of the develop toward one another in the process of the
group’s interactions.group’s interactions.

Group norms arise in the groupGroup norms arise in the group

Empowering Group PracticeEmpowering Group Practice

Boxed reading on empowering practice Boxed reading on empowering practice
shows how an individual group member shows how an individual group member
advances through stages of empowerment, advances through stages of empowerment,
joining in consciousness raising as the joining in consciousness raising as the
group takes collective action to overcome group takes collective action to overcome
oppression. oppression.

Note that reflection is important Note that reflection is important
throughout the process and after the action throughout the process and after the action
has been taken.has been taken.

Group Group ProcessesProcesses

TransferenceTransference: (Freud, Yalom) --seeing traits of a family : (Freud, Yalom) --seeing traits of a family
member in a person within the group.member in a person within the group.

Acting outActing out by group members by group members

ScapegoatsScapegoats as targets of rage as targets of rage

New members and status changes as members adaptNew members and status changes as members adapt

Open groups-Open groups--constantly changing such as groups for -constantly changing such as groups for
substance abuse substance abuse

Closed groupsClosed groups– as some AA meetings that do not have a – as some AA meetings that do not have a
quick turnover and may have a strong cohesiveness and quick turnover and may have a strong cohesiveness and
sense of safetysense of safety

GroupthinkGroupthink

Janis (1982)—groupthink stems from mindless conformityJanis (1982)—groupthink stems from mindless conformity

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Belief in the group’s moral superiorityBelief in the group’s moral superiority

Sharing stereotypesSharing stereotypes

Refusal to examine alternativesRefusal to examine alternatives

Protecting group from negative views or informationProtecting group from negative views or information

The illusion of invulnerabilityThe illusion of invulnerability

Critical thinking: See if these traits relate to U.S. foreign policyCritical thinking: See if these traits relate to U.S. foreign policy

Leader can prevent groupthink by encouraging diverse opinions Leader can prevent groupthink by encouraging diverse opinions
and alternative views to those expressed.and alternative views to those expressed.

Boxed reading-- “My Life at End Time Religious Camp”Boxed reading-- “My Life at End Time Religious Camp”

Stages of Group DevelopmentStages of Group Development

Stage One: Stage One: Orientation StageOrientation Stage – initial gathering, casual – initial gathering, casual
questioning about mutual interestsquestioning about mutual interests

Stage Two: Stage Two: Mutuality Stage-Mutuality Stage- patterns of patterns of
communication, alliances and subgroups emerge, as do communication, alliances and subgroups emerge, as do
roles and responsibilitiesroles and responsibilities

Stage Three: Stage Three: Drama StageDrama Stage – testing of old patterns of – testing of old patterns of
behavior – human proclivities emergebehavior – human proclivities emerge

Stage Four: Stage Four: Love Ties Love Ties – acceptance despite – acceptance despite
shortcomingsshortcomings

Stage Five: Stage Five: Blossoming Blossoming – change and growth– change and growth

Group LeadershipGroup Leadership

Early social workers used small groups to effect social goals for Early social workers used small groups to effect social goals for
the mutual benefit of their members.the mutual benefit of their members.

Diversity Issues – Diversity Issues –

Racial composition—blacks are more comfortable when ratio of white to Racial composition—blacks are more comfortable when ratio of white to
black is 50-50 than are whites who prefer 80-20 ratioblack is 50-50 than are whites who prefer 80-20 ratio

Prepare to hear slurs, bigoted remarks by group membersPrepare to hear slurs, bigoted remarks by group members

Layout of room--arranging chairs in a circular patternLayout of room--arranging chairs in a circular pattern

Counseling skills--going around the circle, ensure privacy and Counseling skills--going around the circle, ensure privacy and
sense of safety, gatekeeping function, summarizing progress, sense of safety, gatekeeping function, summarizing progress,
anticipating future meetingsanticipating future meetings

Small Group, Social Decisions and ActionSmall Group, Social Decisions and Action

The Tipping Point,The Tipping Point, Gladwell (2002) – traces growth of social Gladwell (2002) – traces growth of social
movement through small groups with real social power.movement through small groups with real social power.

Power and empowerment: primary role of the social worker is to Power and empowerment: primary role of the social worker is to
help the client become empoweredhelp the client become empowered

Empowerment-based community work: Five major sources of Empowerment-based community work: Five major sources of
power: access to wealth and resources, media, prestige, power: access to wealth and resources, media, prestige,
community’s shared values, and choice of effective strategiescommunity’s shared values, and choice of effective strategies

For social change, need to politicize and educate consumers as For social change, need to politicize and educate consumers as
well as social workers to the value and political use of power.well as social workers to the value and political use of power.

Amish or counterculture groups—they seek autonomy and Amish or counterculture groups—they seek autonomy and
peaceful lifestyles.peaceful lifestyles.

Values and Group WorkValues and Group Work

Groups form value setsGroups form value sets

Helen Northen (2004) Global ethical principles:Helen Northen (2004) Global ethical principles:

Professional relationshipProfessional relationship

Multiculturalism—respect for diversityMulticulturalism—respect for diversity

EmpowermentEmpowerment

Confidentiality and privacyConfidentiality and privacy

Self-determinationSelf-determination

Professional competenceProfessional competence

Focus GroupsFocus Groups

Research technique to gather qualitative dataResearch technique to gather qualitative data

Small discussion groups on special topic such as health careSmall discussion groups on special topic such as health care

Groups are used by marketers to learn what sales pitch to use.Groups are used by marketers to learn what sales pitch to use.

In social work, may be used to learn how to approach a culturally In social work, may be used to learn how to approach a culturally
diverse group, to study attitudesdiverse group, to study attitudes

Example from Appalachia—goal of disease preventionExample from Appalachia—goal of disease prevention

researchers learned of gender rolesresearchers learned of gender roles

need to focus health messages on the whole family need to focus health messages on the whole family

one-on-one counseling was most effective for some women who were one-on-one counseling was most effective for some women who were
fatalistic about their healthfatalistic about their health

Innovative Group Work in Women’s PrisonsInnovative Group Work in Women’s Prisons

Personal empowerment through self-expression.Personal empowerment through self-expression.

Innovative programs: Innovative programs:

Canada’s art therapy at Kingston prison Canada’s art therapy at Kingston prison

New Zealand’s Sycamore Tree project which follows the New Zealand’s Sycamore Tree project which follows the
principle of restorative justice principle of restorative justice

English women’s prison who have a bereavement and loss English women’s prison who have a bereavement and loss
groupgroup

The social worker’s role should be that of a consultant The social worker’s role should be that of a consultant
and facilitator rather than instructor in order to raise and facilitator rather than instructor in order to raise
the women’s sense of empowermentthe women’s sense of empowerment

Competency in a skill, and positive social interaction Competency in a skill, and positive social interaction
empower the women to succeed both in prison and empower the women to succeed both in prison and
when they leavewhen they leave

Self-Help GroupsSelf-Help Groups

Yalom-- groups help build confidence through risking new Yalom-- groups help build confidence through risking new
behaviors that can carry over into their social environment. behaviors that can carry over into their social environment.

Self-help groups offer the same benefits--major advantages Self-help groups offer the same benefits--major advantages

freedom to come and go when members wish freedom to come and go when members wish

no red tape or expenseno red tape or expense

Typical format of AA group: Typical format of AA group:

confession by members to the group of a chronic problem confession by members to the group of a chronic problem

testimonials by members of the group recounting the past and their plan testimonials by members of the group recounting the past and their plan
to take one day at a time, and group support given.to take one day at a time, and group support given.

Many addiction-related groups include a spiritual aspect to their recovery.Many addiction-related groups include a spiritual aspect to their recovery.

Boxed reading describes a student’s visit to an AA meeting. Boxed reading describes a student’s visit to an AA meeting.

……Self-HelpSelf-Help Groups Groups

Narrative framework – storytellersNarrative framework – storytellers

Some groups advocate for the rights and Some groups advocate for the rights and
acceptance of people society views as differentacceptance of people society views as different
such as persons with mental illness.such as persons with mental illness.

PFLAG – PFLAG –

Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays
www.pflag.org

Sample dialogue from an Iowa PFLAG meetingSample dialogue from an Iowa PFLAG meeting

Chapter 4Chapter 4
The Family in SocietyThe Family in Society

Murray Bowen (wrote in 1970s) pioneer of general systems Murray Bowen (wrote in 1970s) pioneer of general systems
theory regarding the family as a unit; they revolutionized theory regarding the family as a unit; they revolutionized
psychotherapy.psychotherapy.

We can examine the family as an ecosystem within an ecosystems We can examine the family as an ecosystem within an ecosystems
framework: framework:

Four fundamental concepts: interactionism, stress, coping, and adaptation Four fundamental concepts: interactionism, stress, coping, and adaptation

Germain (1991) provides a framework to view family dynamicsGermain (1991) provides a framework to view family dynamics

Boxed reading: “Growing up Deaf”—what are the strengths of Boxed reading: “Growing up Deaf”—what are the strengths of
this family?this family?

Eco-map Figure 4.3Eco-map Figure 4.3

Can serve as assessment tool pointing to areas in need of attentionCan serve as assessment tool pointing to areas in need of attention

Provides a framework for action, here-and-now interactions of individuals Provides a framework for action, here-and-now interactions of individuals
and familiesand families

Ethnic Family Patterns—Bosnian MuslimsEthnic Family Patterns—Bosnian Muslims

Description of Bosnian Muslim refugee familiesDescription of Bosnian Muslim refugee families

They adhere to traditional gender roles. They adhere to traditional gender roles.

Stigma attached to the sexual violation of women.Stigma attached to the sexual violation of women.

Positive family identity.Positive family identity.

Until the 70’s common for adult children to live with parents Until the 70’s common for adult children to live with parents
for multiple generations for multiple generations

Customs-- removing shoes at the door, neighborliness, drink Customs-- removing shoes at the door, neighborliness, drink
strong coffee, sharing of food, good conversation, traditional strong coffee, sharing of food, good conversation, traditional
music and dances music and dances

Strong family ties foster resiliency and lead to healthy Strong family ties foster resiliency and lead to healthy
outcomes for such immigrant families.outcomes for such immigrant families.

United States should aim to be a cultural mosaic instead United States should aim to be a cultural mosaic instead
of a melting pot.of a melting pot.

American Indian FamiliesAmerican Indian Families

Strong emphasis on Strong emphasis on beingbeing not doing not doing

Cooperation over competition, group focus Cooperation over competition, group focus

Work only to meet needs, non-materialism, flexible sense of timeWork only to meet needs, non-materialism, flexible sense of time

Right-brain orientationRight-brain orientation

Importance of extended family, individual freedomImportance of extended family, individual freedom

Living in harmony with nature, pervasive sense of spirituality Living in harmony with nature, pervasive sense of spirituality

Children reared to pursue their own interests and make their own Children reared to pursue their own interests and make their own
decisions; learning comes through their own observations, and decisions; learning comes through their own observations, and
reliance on nonverbal rather than verbal cues and matriarchal reliance on nonverbal rather than verbal cues and matriarchal
normsnorms

Berdache Berdache custom allows for feminine gay men and masculine-custom allows for feminine gay men and masculine-
acting women to follow their innate proclivitiesacting women to follow their innate proclivities

Two Spirit Two Spirit is a term preferred by many First Nations people for is a term preferred by many First Nations people for
gays and lesbians who were honored for having both masculine gays and lesbians who were honored for having both masculine
and feminine tendencies.and feminine tendencies.

African American Family PatternsAfrican American Family Patterns

Strong religious orientation; church provides family supportStrong religious orientation; church provides family support

Flexible family roles, extended family networks, and informal adoption Flexible family roles, extended family networks, and informal adoption
processes processes

High status of females High status of females

College enrollment up 95% for women and 35% for menCollege enrollment up 95% for women and 35% for men

68.4 % births to unmarried women, low marriage rate68.4 % births to unmarried women, low marriage rate

High mortality rate for men, 12 % of young males are behind bars. High mortality rate for men, 12 % of young males are behind bars.

Blacks comprise 59% of those convicted of drug offences.Blacks comprise 59% of those convicted of drug offences.

Boxed reading “A Nine-Year Old Boy’s Story”—note this child’s Boxed reading “A Nine-Year Old Boy’s Story”—note this child’s
resilience under difficult circumstances.resilience under difficult circumstances.

Latino Family PatternsLatino Family Patterns

In 2000, Latino families replaced African Americans as the largest In 2000, Latino families replaced African Americans as the largest
minority in the U.S. minority in the U.S.

Term Latino refers to various diverse populationsTerm Latino refers to various diverse populations

More than ¼ live in families with more than 5 members, More than ¼ live in families with more than 5 members,

Most are Roman Catholic, close family ties, traditional sex roles, care and Most are Roman Catholic, close family ties, traditional sex roles, care and
respect for the elderly, respect for the elderly,

Infant mortality lowInfant mortality low—epidemiological paradox—epidemiological paradox

FamilismoFamilismo --term used to refer to the central role of the family in Latino --term used to refer to the central role of the family in Latino
communities: this includes immediate, extended, co-parents and communities: this includes immediate, extended, co-parents and
godparentsgodparents

High school drop out rate extremely high, risk for alcoholism, the more High school drop out rate extremely high, risk for alcoholism, the more
oppressed they feel, the greater risk for addiction and violence in the homeoppressed they feel, the greater risk for addiction and violence in the home

Some negative impacts of assimilation--note the statistics for the 2Some negative impacts of assimilation--note the statistics for the 2
ndnd

generation.generation.

Family therapy easily accepted by this group.Family therapy easily accepted by this group.

Asian Family PatternsAsian Family Patterns

Much diversity within this group—Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Hmong Much diversity within this group—Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Hmong
peoplepeople

4.2 % of the total United States population. (23.8 % from China)4.2 % of the total United States population. (23.8 % from China)

Collectively, Asian families exceed the national average on all positive Collectively, Asian families exceed the national average on all positive
categories: education, income and longevity. categories: education, income and longevity.

Divorce rate ½ national average, income level above national averageDivorce rate ½ national average, income level above national average

Rate of single mother births is lowest of any racial ethnic group Rate of single mother births is lowest of any racial ethnic group

Values--bring no shame to family, personal ambitions sacrificed for needs of Values--bring no shame to family, personal ambitions sacrificed for needs of
the family – (the family – (kenshin)kenshin)

Family is multigenerational, male responsibility for familyFamily is multigenerational, male responsibility for family

Males more highly valued than females, females absorbed into husband’s Males more highly valued than females, females absorbed into husband’s
families families

Mother is the nurturer and caretaker Mother is the nurturer and caretaker

Cooperation and sharing among siblings expected Cooperation and sharing among siblings expected

Mother-son bond especially strong Mother-son bond especially strong

Care and respect for the elderlyCare and respect for the elderly

Identity is “we” rather than “I”Identity is “we” rather than “I”

Social workers should take care to recognize differences among these Social workers should take care to recognize differences among these
groups. groups.

Family pride often means not sharing personal information.Family pride often means not sharing personal information.

Multicultural Families
5% of population in 2009 census
Largest group is white-Hispanic, common
among Asian Americans
Boxed reading: Mixed Latina woman
Boxed reading: “Not Black Enough”

Gay and Lesbian FamiliesGay and Lesbian Families

Census 2000 : 594,391 same-sex couples in the United States. ¼ are raising children, Census 2000 : 594,391 same-sex couples in the United States. ¼ are raising children,
and one in ten couples includes a senior aged 65 or older.and one in ten couples includes a senior aged 65 or older.

Learning a child is gay or lesbian can be a shock for the parent--religious beliefs, Learning a child is gay or lesbian can be a shock for the parent--religious beliefs,
societal stigma, desire for grandchildren, stereotyping.societal stigma, desire for grandchildren, stereotyping.

PFLAG ( Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays), PFLAG ( Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays), www.pflag.org

Same sex-marriage legal in Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Scandinavia, Spain, Britain Same sex-marriage legal in Netherlands, Belgium, Canada, Scandinavia, Spain, Britain
and South Africa and 8 states and Washington, DC legal or recognized and South Africa and 8 states and Washington, DC legal or recognized

Study showed of gays and lesbians who see themselves as marriedStudy showed of gays and lesbians who see themselves as married

More likely to be lesbianMore likely to be lesbian

More likely to have childrenMore likely to have children

Gay foster parentsGay foster parents

Boxed reading: “Family Adventure”—note the strengths in this lesbian-headed family.Boxed reading: “Family Adventure”—note the strengths in this lesbian-headed family.

Research shows children of same-sex couples compared to general populationResearch shows children of same-sex couples compared to general population

No more emotional problems, tend to be popular at schoolNo more emotional problems, tend to be popular at school

More flexible in gender roles; girls more apt to aim for professional careersMore flexible in gender roles; girls more apt to aim for professional careers

Macro Policy IssuesMacro Policy Issues

Family – the backbone of society, provides a number of Family – the backbone of society, provides a number of
functionsfunctions

Government policies influence family functioning. The Government policies influence family functioning. The
United States has fallen to the 13United States has fallen to the 13
thth
position (UN annual position (UN annual
human development report) human development report)

Leading countries are Norway, Australia, Iceland, Leading countries are Norway, Australia, Iceland,
Canada, IrelandCanada, Ireland

The Impact of Globalization WorldwideThe Impact of Globalization Worldwide

Positive and negative aspects of globalization—pressures Positive and negative aspects of globalization—pressures
from global competition and communications revolution from global competition and communications revolution

Plight of women refugees, emigration of refugees escaping Plight of women refugees, emigration of refugees escaping
violence violence

Sex traffickingSex trafficking

Economic impact of world bank requirements for Economic impact of world bank requirements for
reduction of social services--far reaching impacts on all of reduction of social services--far reaching impacts on all of
societysociety

Global market – agency consolidation and corporate Global market – agency consolidation and corporate
management resulting in men displacing women managersmanagement resulting in men displacing women managers

Impact of New Economics on the FamilyImpact of New Economics on the Family

Poor communities disproportionately experience stressPoor communities disproportionately experience stress

2008 recession: 34% of young adult black males unemployed2008 recession: 34% of young adult black males unemployed

Low-wages, decline in manufacturing, rising housing costs, families with Low-wages, decline in manufacturing, rising housing costs, families with
children are the fastest growing homeless population – 42% of the 700,000 children are the fastest growing homeless population – 42% of the 700,000
persons found to be homeless are families (HUD, 2005). Has increased in persons found to be homeless are families (HUD, 2005). Has increased in
2008 recession. 2008 recession.

Bait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the AmericanBait and Switch: The (Futile) Pursuit of the American DreamDream, Ehrenreich (2005) and , Ehrenreich (2005) and
Nickel and DimedNickel and Dimed (2002)—participant observation studies (2002)—participant observation studies

Japan – very strong work ethic— “Karoshi” Japan – very strong work ethic— “Karoshi” – – means dropping dead at your means dropping dead at your
desk.desk.

Mexico City – children may be left alone while parents work or taken to the Mexico City – children may be left alone while parents work or taken to the
jobsite due to lack of childcare.jobsite due to lack of childcare.

Scandinavian contrast: Scandinavian contrast:

business guidelines for Americans—expect long vacations, short work days, business guidelines for Americans—expect long vacations, short work days,
multiple benefits, relaxed attitude toward workmultiple benefits, relaxed attitude toward work

van Wormer’s experience working at a Norwegian alcoholism treatment centervan Wormer’s experience working at a Norwegian alcoholism treatment center

Family Violence in Global PerspectiveFamily Violence in Global Perspective

Economic globalization has important human rights Economic globalization has important human rights
implications--policies require that non-industrialized nations implications--policies require that non-industrialized nations
reduce their indebtedness to the world bans by reducing social reduce their indebtedness to the world bans by reducing social
welfare spending.welfare spending.

Women perform two-thirds of the world’s work but only earn Women perform two-thirds of the world’s work but only earn
one-tenth of all the income and own less than one-tenth of the one-tenth of all the income and own less than one-tenth of the
world’s property.world’s property.

Economic destitution makes young women ripe for sexual Economic destitution makes young women ripe for sexual
exploitation.exploitation.

Human rights violations occur at three levels: those done by the Human rights violations occur at three levels: those done by the
family, the community and the state.family, the community and the state.

Sex traffickingSex trafficking

Over one million women and children are trafficked each yearOver one million women and children are trafficked each year

Sex slavery, dowry deaths, death by stoning, genital mutilation, rape Sex slavery, dowry deaths, death by stoning, genital mutilation, rape
www.amnestyusa.org

Domestic AbuseDomestic Abuse

World Health Report (based on 48 surveys from World Health Report (based on 48 surveys from
around the world) found between 10-69 % of women around the world) found between 10-69 % of women
report having been physically assaulted by a partner.report having been physically assaulted by a partner.

United States, 22 % of wives report domestic violence.United States, 22 % of wives report domestic violence.

Wife beating is considered a man’s right in many Wife beating is considered a man’s right in many
societies and the women interviewed agreed some societies and the women interviewed agreed some
beatings were justified- including burning dinner.beatings were justified- including burning dinner.

Low rates in Japan-- 15% to over 60% in Peru, Low rates in Japan-- 15% to over 60% in Peru,
Ethiopia and Bangladesh.Ethiopia and Bangladesh.

Story of Dr. Shazia, 32 year old Pakistani physician Story of Dr. Shazia, 32 year old Pakistani physician
raped by intruderraped by intruder

Suicide common of rape victims in many countriesSuicide common of rape victims in many countries

Honor killings Honor killings and acid attacksand acid attacks

Immigration and Domestic ViolenceImmigration and Domestic Violence

Immigration status used as a weapon of abuseImmigration status used as a weapon of abuse

Divorce in many immigrant families brings Divorce in many immigrant families brings
shame on the family from both the family and shame on the family from both the family and
the community.the community.

Bui (2003) study of Vietnamese immigrants—Bui (2003) study of Vietnamese immigrants—
downward mobility especially hard on mendownward mobility especially hard on men

Abuse of “military brides”Abuse of “military brides”

Legacy of the Iraq/Afghanistan WarLegacy of the Iraq/Afghanistan War

Military socialization
Post-traumatic stress disorder
High suicide rate when soldiers return
www.warresisters.org

Promising InitiativesPromising Initiatives

Kinship careKinship care – fastest growing child placement program in – fastest growing child placement program in
the United States. Advantages:the United States. Advantages:

stabilizing effect of the extended family and child’s own racial or stabilizing effect of the extended family and child’s own racial or
ethnic communities ethnic communities

relative permanence relative permanence

familiarity of the child with the relatives and communityfamiliarity of the child with the relatives and community

Shared family careShared family care – established in Colorado Springs. Entire – established in Colorado Springs. Entire
family moves in with a mentor family. Available in 10 states.family moves in with a mentor family. Available in 10 states.

Other empowering approachesOther empowering approaches – mutual aid associations
and group/community approaches, “Generations of Hope”
house, Healthy Start

Family Group Conferencing Family Group Conferencing

Form of restorative justice used in child welfareForm of restorative justice used in child welfare

Involves the extended family in a solution-focused, strengths-based approach Involves the extended family in a solution-focused, strengths-based approach
to solving problems related to child neglect and abuseto solving problems related to child neglect and abuse

Adapted from the Maori people and social service authorities of New Adapted from the Maori people and social service authorities of New
ZealandZealand

Informal “around the table” non-adversarial process, includes a trained Informal “around the table” non-adversarial process, includes a trained
facilitator, involves the victim- their family and the community facilitator, involves the victim- their family and the community

In criminal cases, family group conferencingIn criminal cases, family group conferencing

stresses offenders’ awareness of the human impact of their behavior stresses offenders’ awareness of the human impact of their behavior

provides offender the opportunity to take full responsibilityprovides offender the opportunity to take full responsibility

uses a narrative approach, uses a narrative approach,

engages the offender’s family members and support systemengages the offender’s family members and support system

solicits the families’ support in the process of the offender’s making amendssolicits the families’ support in the process of the offender’s making amends
www.restorativejustice.org

Chapter 5Chapter 5
Culture and SocietyCulture and Society

Culture – the sum total of social patterns passed from Culture – the sum total of social patterns passed from
generation to generation. Knowledge of culture and generation to generation. Knowledge of culture and
cultural history provides important perspectives for cultural history provides important perspectives for
understanding human behavior.understanding human behavior.

Language (even accent) can be used to construct and Language (even accent) can be used to construct and
maintain oppression of a subordinate group.maintain oppression of a subordinate group.

America is a pluralistic, multicultural society. Hispanic America is a pluralistic, multicultural society. Hispanic
and Asian populations growing 10 times the pace of and Asian populations growing 10 times the pace of
whites who are not Hispanic, U.S. Census Bureau whites who are not Hispanic, U.S. Census Bureau
(2005).(2005).

Culturally focused prevention necessary for at risk Culturally focused prevention necessary for at risk
populations.populations.

Cultural competenceCultural competence

Cultural competence – knowledge of client’s culture Cultural competence – knowledge of client’s culture
and customs from diverse cultural backgrounds. Avoid and customs from diverse cultural backgrounds. Avoid
color-blind and gender-blind approaches. color-blind and gender-blind approaches.

Three aspects of cultural competence: Three aspects of cultural competence:

need to understand and take responsibility for our own need to understand and take responsibility for our own
beliefs and attitudes beliefs and attitudes

need to learn about and expand multicultural experiences need to learn about and expand multicultural experiences

use our knowledge to become proponents of multiculturalismuse our knowledge to become proponents of multiculturalism

Know the resources for intervention.Know the resources for intervention.

Ethnicity and Family Therapy, Ethnicity and Family Therapy, McGoldrick et al. (2005) – McGoldrick et al. (2005) –
spells out norms and folkways, differences in spells out norms and folkways, differences in
communication styles for dozens of cultural groups.communication styles for dozens of cultural groups.

NASW (1996) NASW (1996) Code of EthicsCode of Ethics – includes special section – includes special section
on cultural competence and social diversity.on cultural competence and social diversity.

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism

EthnocentrismEthnocentrism is the paradox that as we learn to take is the paradox that as we learn to take
pride in our culture, we come to think that our culture pride in our culture, we come to think that our culture
is superior to those of other groups.is superior to those of other groups.

Cultural imperialism Cultural imperialism occurs when the dominant group occurs when the dominant group
universalizes its experience and culture and uses them universalizes its experience and culture and uses them
as the norm.as the norm.

Immigration and war heighten the sense of Immigration and war heighten the sense of
ethnocentrism in a community.ethnocentrism in a community.

Karen Armstrong (1993) Karen Armstrong (1993) A History of God A History of God speaks of speaks of
fundamentalismfundamentalism

War in Iraq – notion of sacred deaths by terrorists.War in Iraq – notion of sacred deaths by terrorists.

Pew Global Attitudes Project (2005)—negative image Pew Global Attitudes Project (2005)—negative image
of the U.S. in international surveys of the U.S. in international surveys www.pewglobal.org

Culture as Macro-SystemCulture as Macro-System

Blackberry WinterBlackberry Winter (1972), Margaret Mead’s autobiography, tells (1972), Margaret Mead’s autobiography, tells
how to unravel the intricacies of a new culturehow to unravel the intricacies of a new culture

Four leaf clover metaphorFour leaf clover metaphor

Culture has form and pattern, structural inequalities and social Culture has form and pattern, structural inequalities and social
class hierarchy.class hierarchy.

Dual perspective provides an alternative lens.Dual perspective provides an alternative lens.
Cultural ValuesCultural Values

Make for cohesion and solidarity that help ensure the continuity Make for cohesion and solidarity that help ensure the continuity
of group lifeof group life

Behavior or belief can only be correctly evaluated in the light of Behavior or belief can only be correctly evaluated in the light of
its meaning to the people who practice it—rarely spelled outits meaning to the people who practice it—rarely spelled out

Western versus Eastern cultural values Western versus Eastern cultural values

U.S. Cultural Continuum U.S. Cultural Continuum

Work vs. leisureWork vs. leisure

Equal opportunity vs. equalityEqual opportunity vs. equality

Mobility vs. stabilityMobility vs. stability

Competition vs. cooperationCompetition vs. cooperation

Individualism vs. collectivismIndividualism vs. collectivism

Independence vs. interconnectednessIndependence vs. interconnectedness

Materialism vs. SpiritualityMaterialism vs. Spirituality

Nuclear family vs. extended familyNuclear family vs. extended family

Moralism vs. compassionMoralism vs. compassion

Work vs. LeisureWork vs. Leisure

America values a strong work ethicAmerica values a strong work ethic

Max Weber, Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of
CapitalismCapitalism

Martin Luther, John CalvinMartin Luther, John Calvin

United States work 2,000 hours average per year, United States work 2,000 hours average per year,
Germany 1,444 and France 1,545Germany 1,444 and France 1,545

Leisure time : U.S. 10 days, Japanese 18, Chinese Leisure time : U.S. 10 days, Japanese 18, Chinese
15, British and Australian 25, German and 15, British and Australian 25, German and
Spanish 30.Spanish 30.

Korean work ethicKorean work ethic – – high suicide ratehigh suicide rate

Equal Opportunity vs. EqualityEqual Opportunity vs. Equality

In U.S., stress on opportunity- counterpart of inequalityIn U.S., stress on opportunity- counterpart of inequality

Road to upward mobility is to “play by the rules”Road to upward mobility is to “play by the rules”

Early education a key factor in successEarly education a key factor in success

Some achieve enormous success – others fail miserably.Some achieve enormous success – others fail miserably.

The Other AmericaThe Other America, Michael Harrington (1962), Michael Harrington (1962)

Equality – means sharing the wealth between the haves and the Equality – means sharing the wealth between the haves and the
have-nots.have-nots.

U.S. system of equality--mass education, informal language and U.S. system of equality--mass education, informal language and
dress, absence of aristocracy or titles. dress, absence of aristocracy or titles.

Admiration of a “self made man”, ideology of “rags to riches”Admiration of a “self made man”, ideology of “rags to riches”

U.S.-- richest 1% own 1/3 of nation’s wealth. Bottom 80% have U.S.-- richest 1% own 1/3 of nation’s wealth. Bottom 80% have
just 16 %. About 31% of black households have zero wealth.just 16 %. About 31% of black households have zero wealth.

InstitutionallyInstitutionally based vs based vs residually residually based (safety net) society.based (safety net) society.

Means-tested programs become stigmatized programs.Means-tested programs become stigmatized programs.

Scandinavian value of equalityScandinavian value of equality

Mobility vs. StabilityMobility vs. Stability

American ideology promotes a belief in progress – up American ideology promotes a belief in progress – up
the corporate ladder.the corporate ladder.

deTocqueville(1835) -- saw a nation in constant motion, deTocqueville(1835) -- saw a nation in constant motion,
every change seeming an improvementevery change seeming an improvement

Americans as seen by foreigners-- “brash and risk-Americans as seen by foreigners-- “brash and risk-
takers”takers”

In recession less mobility; more families doubling up; In recession less mobility; more families doubling up;
unemployed youths living at homeunemployed youths living at home

Competition vs. cooperationCompetition vs. cooperation

Americans taught from childhood to compete.Americans taught from childhood to compete.

Pupil competition as spur to learn and to perpetuate the Pupil competition as spur to learn and to perpetuate the
beliefs of market economy.beliefs of market economy.

Arabic principal: “taarradhin” means “ I win, you win”Arabic principal: “taarradhin” means “ I win, you win”

Chinese – no equivalent word for personality. The Chinese – no equivalent word for personality. The
concept of self is virtually unknown in most Asian concept of self is virtually unknown in most Asian
cultures.cultures.

Norway and other Scandinavian countries – Norway and other Scandinavian countries –
egalitarianism, horizontally oriented. “Samarbeid”egalitarianism, horizontally oriented. “Samarbeid” in in
NorwegianNorwegian literally meaning “to work together,” literally meaning “to work together,”
permeates every aspect of their culture.permeates every aspect of their culture.

U.S. – vertically oriented.U.S. – vertically oriented.

Individualism vs. collectivism Individualism vs. collectivism

Individualism—one of the most sacred American Individualism—one of the most sacred American
philosophies.philosophies.

Post WWII era favored strong government Post WWII era favored strong government
intervention.intervention.

African American values on the collectivist end of the African American values on the collectivist end of the
scalescale

Progressive periods in the U.S. compared to today’s Progressive periods in the U.S. compared to today’s
conservative times conservative times

Collectivism as the norm in Norway and JapanCollectivism as the norm in Norway and Japan

Independence vs. interconnectednessIndependence vs. interconnectedness

Independence closely relates to individualism in the Independence closely relates to individualism in the
United States.United States.

Codependency as a major flawCodependency as a major flaw

U.S. leads or “goes it alone” globallyU.S. leads or “goes it alone” globally

Interconnectedness and indigenous cultureInterconnectedness and indigenous culture

First Nations Peoples in North America—role of First Nations Peoples in North America—role of
elders in the communityelders in the community

Materialism vs. spiritualityMaterialism vs. spirituality

Materialism—consider marketing and consumer Materialism—consider marketing and consumer
spendingspending

Alternative value of spiritualityAlternative value of spirituality

Salvation: Black People and Love Salvation: Black People and Love by bell hooks (2001) tells by bell hooks (2001) tells
of obsession with material gain that has affected the of obsession with material gain that has affected the
black family.black family.

Strong religious character in America, noted in various Strong religious character in America, noted in various
studies comparing U.S. and European attitudes.studies comparing U.S. and European attitudes.

U.S. Gallup poll survey – 85% said religion important, U.S. Gallup poll survey – 85% said religion important,
2/3 reported membership, 1/3 attend weekly services.2/3 reported membership, 1/3 attend weekly services.

Nuclear Family vs. Extended FamilyNuclear Family vs. Extended Family

Geographical mobility breaks up extended ties.Geographical mobility breaks up extended ties.

Kinship arrangements very different in the non- Kinship arrangements very different in the non-
industrialized world.industrialized world.

Various cultural aspects—description of Various cultural aspects—description of
Mexican attitudesMexican attitudes

Moralism vs. CompassionMoralism vs. Compassion

Moralism is the tendency to be judgmental about affairs Moralism is the tendency to be judgmental about affairs
and events.and events.

International comparisons on several issues: International comparisons on several issues:
www.worldvaluessurvey.org. .

British view—strange in America that gun control, stem British view—strange in America that gun control, stem
cell research, seen as moral issues.cell research, seen as moral issues.

Retribution rather than rehabilitation – shown in Retribution rather than rehabilitation – shown in
highest imprisonment rates in the world in the U.S.highest imprisonment rates in the world in the U.S.

Rural Cultural ValuesRural Cultural Values

What’s the matter with Kansas? How ConservativesWhat’s the matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won theWon the Heart of Heart of
AmericaAmerica, Thomas Frank (2004)—explains how rural people were tricked , Thomas Frank (2004)—explains how rural people were tricked
into voting on moral rather than economic grounds by Republicansinto voting on moral rather than economic grounds by Republicans

Boxed reading“Appalachia: A Study in Contrasts”Boxed reading“Appalachia: A Study in Contrasts”

study in cultural traumastudy in cultural trauma

Effects of attitude of defeatism and also resilience of mountain people Effects of attitude of defeatism and also resilience of mountain people
shown in PBS series, shown in PBS series, Country BoysCountry Boys

Highlander Research and Education Center—home of activism in the Highlander Research and Education Center—home of activism in the
South South www.highlandercenter.org

““Stress Pushes Rural Iowans to Brink” headline in Stress Pushes Rural Iowans to Brink” headline in TheThe Des Moines Des Moines
RegisterRegister

Chapter 6Chapter 6
Community and Community DevelopmentCommunity and Community Development

Theme of this chapter--Is the sense of community alive or Theme of this chapter--Is the sense of community alive or
dead? This chapter looks at arguments pro and condead? This chapter looks at arguments pro and con

Community – defined in the Community – defined in the Social Work DictionarySocial Work Dictionary as “a group of as “a group of
individuals or families that share certain values, services, institutions, individuals or families that share certain values, services, institutions,
interests, or geographic proximity”interests, or geographic proximity”

Really two types of community—Really two types of community—

as a sense of oneness and shared identity as a sense of oneness and shared identity

referring to location or place referring to location or place

Maslow – importance of belongingness, 3Maslow – importance of belongingness, 3
rdrd
level in his hierarchy of needs. level in his hierarchy of needs.

Theories of Community BreakdownTheories of Community Breakdown

Durkheim (1897) coined the term Durkheim (1897) coined the term anomie anomie or or
normlessness normlessness

He predicted and showed that industrialized nations would He predicted and showed that industrialized nations would
have a higher suicide rate than non-industrialized nations.have a higher suicide rate than non-industrialized nations.

This relationship holds true today.This relationship holds true today.

Bowling AloneBowling Alone, Robert Putnam (2001), used team , Robert Putnam (2001), used team
bowling as a metaphor for community togetherness bowling as a metaphor for community togetherness

Interpersonal divide: The Search for Community in aInterpersonal divide: The Search for Community in a
Technological Age—Technological Age—titletitle of aof a recentrecent book that argues the book that argues the
global village has been replaced by a global shopping global village has been replaced by a global shopping
mall.mall.

Modern technology has transformed the way people Modern technology has transformed the way people
relate to each other – radio, television, cell phones, relate to each other – radio, television, cell phones,
Internet.Internet.

The Impact of Globalization on CommunityThe Impact of Globalization on Community

Globalization is defined by the International Federation Globalization is defined by the International Federation
of Social Worker (IFSW, 2005), as “the process by of Social Worker (IFSW, 2005), as “the process by
which all peoples and communities come to experience which all peoples and communities come to experience
an increasingly common economic, social, and cultural an increasingly common economic, social, and cultural
environment” environment” www.ifsw.org

Threats to community through the world banking Threats to community through the world banking
requirements imposed on poor nations – South Africa, requirements imposed on poor nations – South Africa,
Latin American nations forced to make “structural Latin American nations forced to make “structural
adjustments”.adjustments”.

War and violence related to conquest and greed—and War and violence related to conquest and greed—and
divisiveness of ethnic groupsdivisiveness of ethnic groups

The Corporation and CommunityThe Corporation and Community

The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of ProfitThe Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit andand PowerPower
by Bakan (2004), records the history of the corporation by Bakan (2004), records the history of the corporation
as originally set up to provide a public service.as originally set up to provide a public service.

Corporation exists for profit, not the common good.Corporation exists for profit, not the common good.

Tax structure favors big business and building Tax structure favors big business and building
construction.construction.

Three key terms: privatization, intensified productivity Three key terms: privatization, intensified productivity
levels, and the technological revolution.levels, and the technological revolution.

Shops, restaurants, and stores less likely to be family Shops, restaurants, and stores less likely to be family
owned, but corporate – Wal-Mart and Target.owned, but corporate – Wal-Mart and Target.

Trends in Transportation Trends in Transportation

Since 1970, the US population has increased 37%, but the Since 1970, the US population has increased 37%, but the
distance traveled by the nation’s fleet of personal automobiles distance traveled by the nation’s fleet of personal automobiles
and motorcycles increased 143%.and motorcycles increased 143%.

From 1982 to 2000, the annual hours of highway traffic delay per From 1982 to 2000, the annual hours of highway traffic delay per
person in urban areas increased from 16 hours to 62 hours per person in urban areas increased from 16 hours to 62 hours per
yearyear

The effects to communities of loss of mass The effects to communities of loss of mass
transportation>reliance on automobile>in 1950s move to the transportation>reliance on automobile>in 1950s move to the
suburbssuburbs

Consolidation of public schools>busing Consolidation of public schools>busing

Absence of sidewalks in suburbs >impact on sense of Absence of sidewalks in suburbs >impact on sense of
communitycommunity

Trends in EducationTrends in Education

School districts sought lower land costs, closing small rural School districts sought lower land costs, closing small rural
schools schools

Impact of the mega schoolImpact of the mega school

Busing now necessaryBusing now necessary

Increased rates of obesityIncreased rates of obesity

Larger classrooms, less individual attention to students Larger classrooms, less individual attention to students

School consolidation to save moneySchool consolidation to save money

Small school advantages—intimacy, lower drug use rates, trust, Small school advantages—intimacy, lower drug use rates, trust,
lower dropout rates, children can stay after school, more chances lower dropout rates, children can stay after school, more chances
for children to excel in sports, theatre, etc.for children to excel in sports, theatre, etc.

Small school grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationSmall school grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Appalachian schools – central to community and pride, school Appalachian schools – central to community and pride, school
plays bring the community togetherplays bring the community together

Arguments that the Community Is Alive and WellArguments that the Community Is Alive and Well
The Virtual CommunityThe Virtual Community

Influence of google, email, facebook, and other Influence of google, email, facebook, and other
technology in communication globallytechnology in communication globally

Reunions due to facebookReunions due to facebook

(mass organizing such as at (mass organizing such as at www.MoveOn.org for for
an example in the election; also street an example in the election; also street
demonstrations for environmental protests) demonstrations for environmental protests)

……Arguments Community Alive and Arguments Community Alive and
WellWell

Bonding in rural communities emerges from togetherness and Bonding in rural communities emerges from togetherness and
mutual need.mutual need.

Tonnies (1887), divided rural and urban areas into ideal types:Tonnies (1887), divided rural and urban areas into ideal types:

GGemeinchaft : emeinchaft : shared experiences, traditions and sense of shared experiences, traditions and sense of
mutual responsibility andmutual responsibility and

GGesellschaftesellschaft : exchange of goods, money or services – : exchange of goods, money or services –
urban communities.urban communities.

U.S. Census Bureau-- just under 20% of the population is U.S. Census Bureau-- just under 20% of the population is
rural. 80% of farmland in Iowa is owned by people who live in rural. 80% of farmland in Iowa is owned by people who live in
the state.the state.

However, problems from industrial competition leading to However, problems from industrial competition leading to
factory outsourcing and small farm economic devastation.factory outsourcing and small farm economic devastation.

Strengths of Racial and Ethnic CommunitiesStrengths of Racial and Ethnic Communities

Each ethnic community is a system with a character of its own.Each ethnic community is a system with a character of its own.

Outsiders accuse minority groups of being unfriendly or “always Outsiders accuse minority groups of being unfriendly or “always
hanging around together.”hanging around together.”

African heritage, traditions, customs and values unite African African heritage, traditions, customs and values unite African
American families, communities and organizations. Strong American families, communities and organizations. Strong
church and family mutual interrelatedness.church and family mutual interrelatedness.

Native Americans, strong family bonds, Medicine Wheel, placing Native Americans, strong family bonds, Medicine Wheel, placing
good of the group above individual good of the group above individual

Japanese society “sekentei” means society and reputation. Japanese society “sekentei” means society and reputation.
Constant concern about others’ evaluations of one’s behavior.Constant concern about others’ evaluations of one’s behavior.

Latin American subgroups – Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cubans Latin American subgroups – Mexican, Puerto Ricans, Cubans
often live in the same neighborhoods and community bonds are often live in the same neighborhoods and community bonds are
strong.strong.

Postville, Iowa
A community of German American farmers
when a Kosher meatpacking plant moved in
Hassidic Jews recruited Guatemalan and
Mexican workers, many undocumented
Mass immigrant raid broke up families; almost
400 arrested and deported
Plant owner in prison; plant under new
management

Pride in the Gay/Lesbian CommunityPride in the Gay/Lesbian Community

June is the unofficial month for gay pride.June is the unofficial month for gay pride.

Rainbow- colored symbols symbolize diversity and Rainbow- colored symbols symbolize diversity and
bonding.bonding.

Accessline: Iowa’s Gay Newspaper, Accessline: Iowa’s Gay Newspaper, published bi-monthly published bi-monthly
provides relevant news and community provides relevant news and community
announcements. Distributed free of charge.announcements. Distributed free of charge.
The Deaf CommunityThe Deaf Community

Members of the deaf community define deafness as a Members of the deaf community define deafness as a
cultural rather than an audiological phenomenon. cultural rather than an audiological phenomenon.

Common language, shared experiences.Common language, shared experiences.

Refer to earlier boxed reading on growing up deaf in Refer to earlier boxed reading on growing up deaf in
chapter 4.chapter 4.

Religious CommunitiesReligious Communities

More Americans will attend a church service each week More Americans will attend a church service each week
than all the Americans who attend sporting events over than all the Americans who attend sporting events over
the entire year, Rick Warren (2002).the entire year, Rick Warren (2002).

Have both positive and negative aspects Have both positive and negative aspects

Provide strengths—faith and meaning, community, and Provide strengths—faith and meaning, community, and
a shared value systema shared value system

Provide help for members of the church and Provide help for members of the church and
community outreach to the poor.community outreach to the poor.

Building Community BondsBuilding Community Bonds

Social action directed at the source of a problem – Social action directed at the source of a problem –
grass-roots activity:grass-roots activity:

Black Hawk County, Iowa. 13 women never gave up the Black Hawk County, Iowa. 13 women never gave up the
fight against poor management of local women’s shelter. fight against poor management of local women’s shelter.
Set up alternative service-- Seeds of Hope outreach, which Set up alternative service-- Seeds of Hope outreach, which
was awarded the entire annual grant of $200,000.was awarded the entire annual grant of $200,000.

Policy reform at the Iowa state level- African American Policy reform at the Iowa state level- African American
community and state legislatures restored voting rights to community and state legislatures restored voting rights to
over 50,000 disenfranchised persons convicted of a felony over 50,000 disenfranchised persons convicted of a felony
upon completion of their terms.upon completion of their terms.

Tupelo, Mississippi – Tupelo, Mississippi – communitarianism. communitarianism. Grew to become Grew to become
an internationally recognized magnet for industrial an internationally recognized magnet for industrial
investment.investment.

Sustainable Community
Greensburg, Kansas—after tornado to be
greenest town in America
Sustainability—open, health preserving, need for
green space,
Public transportation

Restorative Justice as Community JusticeRestorative Justice as Community Justice

Standard criminal justice process can exacerbates community Standard criminal justice process can exacerbates community
divisions. divisions.

Restorative justice rooted in indigenous rituals and Mennonite Restorative justice rooted in indigenous rituals and Mennonite
philosophy philosophy

Works in conjunction with established correctional institutions Works in conjunction with established correctional institutions
from the standpoint of the victim of the crime.from the standpoint of the victim of the crime.

Major goal is to repair the harm done to the victim and the Major goal is to repair the harm done to the victim and the
community, make the wrongdoer accountable to the victim and community, make the wrongdoer accountable to the victim and
the communitythe community

Types most relevant to community bondingTypes most relevant to community bonding

Victim-offender conferencingVictim-offender conferencing

Community reparationsCommunity reparations

Boxed Reading: “Restorative Justice: A Model of Healing”—Boxed Reading: “Restorative Justice: A Model of Healing”—
relates restorative justice to social work valuesrelates restorative justice to social work values

Practice ImplicationsPractice Implications

Social workers play a key role in their local communitiesSocial workers play a key role in their local communities

advocate for social service programs advocate for social service programs

engage as community members in working toward social engage as community members in working toward social
economic development and political lobbying for social economic development and political lobbying for social
justicejustice

Need to understand the community as an ecosystemNeed to understand the community as an ecosystem

Boxed reading, “Community Development in Boxed reading, “Community Development in
Moldova”Moldova” by young social worker in the peace corps by young social worker in the peace corps
describes her work as advocate, initiator, and brokerdescribes her work as advocate, initiator, and broker

Chapter 7Chapter 7
Human Behavior and the Organizational Environment: The Human Behavior and the Organizational Environment: The
Community Working TogetherCommunity Working Together

Organization – structure, hierarchy, channels Organization – structure, hierarchy, channels
of communication, a working environment of communication, a working environment

Organizational culture – “shared norms, Organizational culture – “shared norms,
beliefs, values, symbols, and rituals” that beliefs, values, symbols, and rituals” that
guide the social behavior guide the social behavior

Organizational ClimateOrganizational Climate

Students having difficulty reconciling theory and the realities Students having difficulty reconciling theory and the realities
of practiceof practice

Positive climatePositive climate

Openness and camaraderieOpenness and camaraderie

Democratic decision makingDemocratic decision making

Shared sense of missionShared sense of mission

Negative atmosphereNegative atmosphere

Climate of competition and jealousy among workersClimate of competition and jealousy among workers

Climate of almost religious loyalty to organizational principlesClimate of almost religious loyalty to organizational principles

Conflict at upper levelsConflict at upper levels

Hierarchy built on favoritismHierarchy built on favoritism

Adopting a Critical PerspectiveAdopting a Critical Perspective

Question all forms of oppression in organization.Question all forms of oppression in organization.

Consider what makes organization sustainable—treatment Consider what makes organization sustainable—treatment
of the worker, need for external financial supportof the worker, need for external financial support

Draw on our social work imaginations.Draw on our social work imaginations.

Historical overview: Max Weber on bureaucracyHistorical overview: Max Weber on bureaucracy

Specified qualifications of workersSpecified qualifications of workers

Detached impersonal approachDetached impersonal approach

Formal written communicationFormal written communication

Rewards in salary, pensions, seniorityRewards in salary, pensions, seniority

Leadership in Organizational SettingsLeadership in Organizational Settings

New developments in leadership theory-focus on New developments in leadership theory-focus on
meeting spiritual needsmeeting spiritual needs

In interest of social justice, flexibility of leader to In interest of social justice, flexibility of leader to
perform many tasksperform many tasks

Traditional leadership theories: Traditional leadership theories:

Trait theory – Trait theory – great mangreat man or or greatgreat personperson

Positional theory – Leaders are not born, but created by Positional theory – Leaders are not born, but created by
virtue of the positions they hold.virtue of the positions they hold.

Situational theory – Leadership is a function of the leader’s Situational theory – Leadership is a function of the leader’s
behavior in relationship to the behaviors of the followers.behavior in relationship to the behaviors of the followers.

Style theory – various styles that characterize certain leaders. Style theory – various styles that characterize certain leaders.
Authoritarian, laissez-faire, democratic.Authoritarian, laissez-faire, democratic.

Leadership StylesLeadership Styles

Theory X- assumes people don’t like to work Theory X- assumes people don’t like to work
and need to be coerced, directed and threatened. and need to be coerced, directed and threatened.

Theory Y- assumes people want responsibility Theory Y- assumes people want responsibility
and are willing to learn Democratic Leadership – and are willing to learn Democratic Leadership –
based on a paradigm of mutuality and based on a paradigm of mutuality and
interrelationshipsinterrelationships

Theory Z- focuses on how to apply humanistic Theory Z- focuses on how to apply humanistic
and collectivist management philosophies such and collectivist management philosophies such
as used in Japanas used in Japan

Democratic Leadership

Democratic leader— atmosphere of empowerment Democratic leader— atmosphere of empowerment
Determines Determines howhow the members will go about the process the members will go about the process
of thinking and deciding, not of thinking and deciding, not what what the member will the member will
think or decide.think or decide.
Hartmann—threats to U.S. democracy
Influence of military industrial complex
Lobbyists influence
Trillion dollar war budget
•John McCain for campaign finance reformJohn McCain for campaign finance reform

The Classic Bureaucratic ModelThe Classic Bureaucratic Model

Mid 19Mid 19
thth
century – heavy industry and manufacturing in century – heavy industry and manufacturing in
full swing. Belief in and reliance upon mechanical full swing. Belief in and reliance upon mechanical
systems. systems.

Bureaucracy--very hierarchical – like a pyramid. Boss, Bureaucracy--very hierarchical – like a pyramid. Boss,
middle management and workers at the bottom.middle management and workers at the bottom.

Principles of scientific management were adopted in Principles of scientific management were adopted in
early 20early 20
thth
century, new stress on efficiency, productivity century, new stress on efficiency, productivity

Merit pay criticized by feminists, reinforces competitive Merit pay criticized by feminists, reinforces competitive
normsnorms

Human Relations ModelHuman Relations Model

Great Depression-- early 1930s, affected rich and poor Great Depression-- early 1930s, affected rich and poor
alike.alike.

Human relations model—a reaction against scientific Human relations model—a reaction against scientific
management, stress on human relations in workmanagement, stress on human relations in work

The Hawthorne effectThe Hawthorne effect – at the Western Electric Company, – at the Western Electric Company,
found organizations function best when managers pay found organizations function best when managers pay
positive attention to workers and honor the interests of positive attention to workers and honor the interests of
the informal networks.the informal networks.

Organizations began to be open systems, adaptable, Organizations began to be open systems, adaptable,
growing, and evolving.growing, and evolving.

General Systems ModelsGeneral Systems Models

1960s and ‘70’s-- new technologies and growth1960s and ‘70’s-- new technologies and growth

General systems theories used to construct models and conduct General systems theories used to construct models and conduct
research on complex organizations and it’s interaction with the research on complex organizations and it’s interaction with the
environment.environment.

Contingency School Contingency School – organizations are in constant movement and – organizations are in constant movement and
contingent on a number of factors such as structure, leadership. contingent on a number of factors such as structure, leadership.
No best way to run an organization.No best way to run an organization.

Characteristics of contingent systems: importation of energy, Characteristics of contingent systems: importation of energy,
throughput (producing products), output, systems as cycles of throughput (producing products), output, systems as cycles of
events, entropy, information input, steady state and homeostasis, events, entropy, information input, steady state and homeostasis,
differentiation. and equifinality.differentiation. and equifinality.

Non-Hierarchical or Consensual ModelsNon-Hierarchical or Consensual Models

Control rests with the members-employee-owners.Control rests with the members-employee-owners.

Primary goal to prevent or minimize alienation of Primary goal to prevent or minimize alienation of
workers by the larger, complex, hierarchical workers by the larger, complex, hierarchical
organizationsorganizations

Characteristics:Characteristics:

decisions made after discussion by members decisions made after discussion by members

minimal rules minimal rules

personal rather than formal relationships among memberspersonal rather than formal relationships among members

leadership based on election, with rotations of leadershipleadership based on election, with rotations of leadership

non financial reward for leadership roles, and no winners or non financial reward for leadership roles, and no winners or
losers in decision making.losers in decision making.

Non-HierarchalNon-Hierarchal
Organizations--JapanOrganizations--Japan

Japanese organization Japanese organization – value cooperation and collective decision – value cooperation and collective decision
makingmaking

Differences between formal organization in Japan and the U.S. :Differences between formal organization in Japan and the U.S. :

Hiring and advancementHiring and advancement

Lifetime securityLifetime security

Holistic involvementHolistic involvement

Broad-based trainingBroad-based training

Collective decision makingCollective decision making

The CorporationThe Corporation

Corporate influence ties in with government policy.Corporate influence ties in with government policy.

2003 Canadian documentary, 2003 Canadian documentary, The Corporation, The Corporation, charts the charts the
development of the corporation as a legal entity.development of the corporation as a legal entity.

The corporate media--advertisers exert pressure on The corporate media--advertisers exert pressure on
media coverage of the news and criticisms of products. media coverage of the news and criticisms of products.

Boycott of Boycott of The Los Angeles TimesThe Los Angeles Times by General Motors. by General Motors.

Media molds public opinion.Media molds public opinion.

Corporation continued

The corporate work model- downsizing, outsourcing, The corporate work model- downsizing, outsourcing,
wage flexibility, cost-efficiency, accountability, wage flexibility, cost-efficiency, accountability,
productivity.productivity.

Robert Greenwald’s documentary Robert Greenwald’s documentary Wal-Mart: The High Wal-Mart: The High
Cost of Low Price.Cost of Low Price.

Employs 1.4 million peopleEmploys 1.4 million people

Rallies by workers cheer the companyRallies by workers cheer the company

High pressured workHigh pressured work

The McDonaldization of Society, The McDonaldization of Society, by Ritzer shows how by Ritzer shows how
standardization of the product and interchangeablity of standardization of the product and interchangeablity of
workers is the modern way.workers is the modern way.

Impact of the Market Economy on Social WorkImpact of the Market Economy on Social Work

Privatization – subcontracting out of services as cost-cutting Privatization – subcontracting out of services as cost-cutting
measuresmeasures

Intensified productivity – maximum worker output is measured Intensified productivity – maximum worker output is measured
in terms of speed and profitability with the fewest number of in terms of speed and profitability with the fewest number of
workersworkers

Less time for clients, more time on paperwork to prove Less time for clients, more time on paperwork to prove
accountabilityaccountability

Technological revolution- accountants in India can check the Technological revolution- accountants in India can check the
income tax form for the IRSincome tax form for the IRS

Human service operations – practitioners instructed to use Human service operations – practitioners instructed to use
computer technology not only to store data but to retrieve computer technology not only to store data but to retrieve
professional papers, medical and technical information and professional papers, medical and technical information and
educationeducation

Exploitation by managers - surveillance of workers, lack of trust Exploitation by managers - surveillance of workers, lack of trust

Classic View of AlienationClassic View of Alienation

Alienation is defined in various ways: as powerlessness, Alienation is defined in various ways: as powerlessness,
meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and self meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and self
estrangement. estrangement.

Marx said alienation changes a society as the society Marx said alienation changes a society as the society
industrializes industrializes

Durkhem believed it was the result of isolation in a Durkhem believed it was the result of isolation in a
disintegrating society.disintegrating society.

Material sources—workers seldom own their own tools Material sources—workers seldom own their own tools
or control working conditions or control working conditions

Creation of new markets—the nature of capitalismCreation of new markets—the nature of capitalism

Organizations that EmpowerOrganizations that Empower

Boxed reading by prison social worker-teacher tells how she Boxed reading by prison social worker-teacher tells how she
helped her students become empowered in their learning helped her students become empowered in their learning
experience in a disempowering setting—the prisonexperience in a disempowering setting—the prison

Attention is paid to staff development and education.Attention is paid to staff development and education.

Must look beyond the status quo to alternative models.Must look beyond the status quo to alternative models.

Change efforts start with data gathering, supporters and Change efforts start with data gathering, supporters and
presentation of a proposal for change at a staff meeting.presentation of a proposal for change at a staff meeting.

Strengths-based assessment of the agency Strengths-based assessment of the agency

Advice for change agents: introduce ideas one at a time, be Advice for change agents: introduce ideas one at a time, be
flexible, open to suggestions and do not invest too much power flexible, open to suggestions and do not invest too much power
in one individualin one individual

Social worker might feel alienated when goals of organization Social worker might feel alienated when goals of organization
conflict with social work values; clients do not come first; conflict with social work values; clients do not come first;
pressures external to the agency hinder creativity.pressures external to the agency hinder creativity.

Chapter 8Chapter 8
Human Behavior and the Natural Environment:Human Behavior and the Natural Environment:
The Community of the EarthThe Community of the Earth
Chapter is concerned with the Chapter is concerned with the biobio part of the bio- part of the bio-
psycho-social-spiritual study of human behavior.psycho-social-spiritual study of human behavior.
Biology of this chapter is at the macro level, ofBiology of this chapter is at the macro level, of
relevance to macro social welfare and social workrelevance to macro social welfare and social work
Key question: Are present policies sustainable?Key question: Are present policies sustainable?

Ecological Disaster and Decline: Ecological Disaster and Decline:
Global Challenges:Global Challenges:

World Watch Institute(2004) documents ecological World Watch Institute(2004) documents ecological
decline.decline.

Population:Population:

Annual growth rate of 1.5 percent; world adds 85 to 100 Annual growth rate of 1.5 percent; world adds 85 to 100
million new people each year million new people each year

Every three years more people are added than currently live Every three years more people are added than currently live
in the entire United States. U.S. around 300 million.in the entire United States. U.S. around 300 million.

By 2025, over 3 billion people worldwide will be living By 2025, over 3 billion people worldwide will be living
in countries with depleted water resources, cropland, in countries with depleted water resources, cropland,
forests, and biodiversity.forests, and biodiversity.

Sustainability
Mosher ( 2009 ) defines sustainability as “building and
maintaining institutions, communities, economies, and
societies that can coexist in harmony with the natural
world and each other far into the future”
Concept sustainability teaches there are limits to earth’s
resources
Four forms: cultural, ecological, economic, political
Respect for human and non-human life and the natural
environment

Sustainability continued
NASW stresses importance of environmental
justice
Need for sustainable population growth to
preserve resources
Global warming linked to problems of
overpopulation, loss of arable land, will shrink
freshwater life and other resources

The Loss of BiodiversityThe Loss of Biodiversity

Prince Charles’s article: economy depends on preserving naturePrince Charles’s article: economy depends on preserving nature

BiodiversityBiodiversity:--the variability among living organisms that maintains the health of :--the variability among living organisms that maintains the health of
living things on the earthliving things on the earth

Silent SpringSilent Spring, Rachel Carson (1962) documented chemical pollution, Rachel Carson (1962) documented chemical pollution

Land Institute's prairie in Salina, Kansas—goal to restore natural ecosystem, Land Institute's prairie in Salina, Kansas—goal to restore natural ecosystem,
plants, insects, and animals in balance, restore biodiversity to the earthplants, insects, and animals in balance, restore biodiversity to the earth
www.LandInstitute.org

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), funded in part by UN, showed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), funded in part by UN, showed
humans have radically altered our ecosystemshumans have radically altered our ecosystems

Contamination of water from fertilizer pollutionContamination of water from fertilizer pollution

20% of coral reefs were lost in last 20 years20% of coral reefs were lost in last 20 years

Human societies can ease the strain on nature through changes in Human societies can ease the strain on nature through changes in
consumption patterns, education, technologies, reduction in fertilizers and consumption patterns, education, technologies, reduction in fertilizers and
pesticides, and higher prices placed on industry and agriculture for exploiting pesticides, and higher prices placed on industry and agriculture for exploiting
practices.practices.

War and the EnvironmentWar and the Environment

Invasion of Panama in 1989—uprooted people turned Invasion of Panama in 1989—uprooted people turned
to the land to the land

Gulf War—Gulf War—

Millions of barrels of oil dumped into the seaMillions of barrels of oil dumped into the sea

Depleted uranium used to destroy tanks—probable cause of Depleted uranium used to destroy tanks—probable cause of
Gulf War syndromeGulf War syndrome

Afghanistan—landmines threaten humansAfghanistan—landmines threaten humans

Palestine—water system affected by toxic weaponsPalestine—water system affected by toxic weapons

Depleted uranium tipped warheads used against Iraq Depleted uranium tipped warheads used against Iraq

National Gulf War Resource Center National Gulf War Resource Center www.ngwrc.org

The Sierra Club The Sierra Club www.sierraclub.org

Environmental RacismEnvironmental Racism

Women, people of color, children, and the poor Women, people of color, children, and the poor
disproportionately affected by pollution disproportionately affected by pollution

Indian Reservations – toxic dump cites Indian Reservations – toxic dump cites

Louisiana's “Cancer Alley”—in poor black neighborhoodsLouisiana's “Cancer Alley”—in poor black neighborhoods

Title 6 Civil Rights Act guarantees equal protection under the Title 6 Civil Rights Act guarantees equal protection under the
lawlaw

Anniston, Alabama--Monsanto law suit settled $42.8 million Anniston, Alabama--Monsanto law suit settled $42.8 million
(Environmental Justice Resource Center, 2001) cancer causing (Environmental Justice Resource Center, 2001) cancer causing
PCBs polluted waterways and fish that low income, PCBs polluted waterways and fish that low income,
predominantly black citizens ate.predominantly black citizens ate.

Box by social worker permanently injured by pesticide sprayBox by social worker permanently injured by pesticide spray

Monsanto
Facts presented in film, Food, Inc. and news reports
Monsanto criticized for production of genetically
altered crops that are engineered to produce their own
insecticides
Monsanto has monopoly on both the seeds and
herbicides
The chemicals are dangerous to human and nonhuman
life
Side effect of developing resistance in the insects they
are designed to target

ConsumerismConsumerism

Buy and Be Happy--Buy and Be Happy--The American Dream The American Dream

global capitalism—creates desire for products for which there is global capitalism—creates desire for products for which there is
no need; natural things turned into commoditiesno need; natural things turned into commodities

materialism and consumer-driven economymaterialism and consumer-driven economy

Material accumulation detracts from personal well-beingMaterial accumulation detracts from personal well-being

Over-consumption Over-consumption

a threat to the physical, emotional, and social health of humans a threat to the physical, emotional, and social health of humans

is the single largest danger to the earth’s ecosystems.is the single largest danger to the earth’s ecosystems.

The U.S. consumes 25% of the world’s energy while constituting The U.S. consumes 25% of the world’s energy while constituting
only 5% of the world’s population.only 5% of the world’s population.

Industrial countries comprise only ¼ of the world's population Industrial countries comprise only ¼ of the world's population
while consuming 40-86% of the earth’s various natural resources.while consuming 40-86% of the earth’s various natural resources.

Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Shift in public consciousness concerning natural disasters and the genuine Shift in public consciousness concerning natural disasters and the genuine
threat to their safety and personal security and the link to global warmingthreat to their safety and personal security and the link to global warming

Documentation provided in Al Gore’s film, “An Inconvenient Truth”Documentation provided in Al Gore’s film, “An Inconvenient Truth”

Carbon dioxide filling our atmosphere-- the greenhouse effect.Carbon dioxide filling our atmosphere-- the greenhouse effect.

Effect of climate change on food production, human health, immigration Effect of climate change on food production, human health, immigration
patterns and climate related problemspatterns and climate related problems

The International Panel on Climate Change predicts the average global The International Panel on Climate Change predicts the average global
temperature will increase from 2 to 10 degrees F over the next 100 yrs.temperature will increase from 2 to 10 degrees F over the next 100 yrs.

Rapid acceleration in the rise of sea levels. At the current rate, levels could Rapid acceleration in the rise of sea levels. At the current rate, levels could
rise as much as 20 feet within the next 100 years swamping low lying estuarial rise as much as 20 feet within the next 100 years swamping low lying estuarial
areas around the world.areas around the world.

Recently another 10,000-year old ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula melted Recently another 10,000-year old ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula melted
in just 3 weeks (Environmental News Service, 2005).in just 3 weeks (Environmental News Service, 2005).

Conventional Ideas of Community and Environment Conventional Ideas of Community and Environment
in Social Workin Social Work

The Progressive Era – late 19The Progressive Era – late 19
thth
century shaped the identity and century shaped the identity and
purposes of the emerging profession of social work. Shift in purposes of the emerging profession of social work. Shift in
public thinking away from blaming the individual for poverty to public thinking away from blaming the individual for poverty to
seeking out the structural causes.seeking out the structural causes.

Belief in the environment as a force shaping human Belief in the environment as a force shaping human
development, but attention exclusively to social not natural development, but attention exclusively to social not natural
environmentenvironment

John Muir (1838-1914), wrote of nature consciousness – stressed John Muir (1838-1914), wrote of nature consciousness – stressed
the deeper aspects of naturethe deeper aspects of nature

Gifford Pinchot, in contrast, considered only the practical side Gifford Pinchot, in contrast, considered only the practical side
of conservation of natural resources for use by future of conservation of natural resources for use by future
generations.Dominance of the modernist viewpoint of Pinchotgenerations.Dominance of the modernist viewpoint of Pinchot

The Social Work Profession EmergesThe Social Work Profession Emerges

Evolution of two organizational movements:Evolution of two organizational movements:

Charity Organization Societies--Charity Organization Societies--

Effort to coordinate relief on a community-wide basisEffort to coordinate relief on a community-wide basis

Friendly visitors investigated worthy poor. Friendly visitors investigated worthy poor.

The poor were seen to be morally responsible for their own The poor were seen to be morally responsible for their own
circumstances.circumstances.

Mary Richmond associated with this approachMary Richmond associated with this approach

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses – –

Established in immigrant neighborhoods Established in immigrant neighborhoods

Educated women moved into these areas to live among the people in Educated women moved into these areas to live among the people in
need of help.need of help.

City environment was the locus of change – not the individual.City environment was the locus of change – not the individual.

Jane Addams associated with this approach.Jane Addams associated with this approach.

Views of Person and EnvironmentViews of Person and Environment

World War I – culture shift, war fever, faith in World War I – culture shift, war fever, faith in
capitalism and science. Nature to be controlled.capitalism and science. Nature to be controlled.

Social work driven to professionalize, renewed Social work driven to professionalize, renewed
interest in science, took the first steps towards an interest in science, took the first steps towards an
individual-oriented, therapeutic model of practice.individual-oriented, therapeutic model of practice.

Conventional IdeasConventional Ideas: 1960-1980 multiple historic : 1960-1980 multiple historic
markers—racial and social upheavalmarkers—racial and social upheaval

Systems and ecological approaches in social work; Systems and ecological approaches in social work;
still little attention to natural realmstill little attention to natural realm

New environmental movement – Rachel Carson New environmental movement – Rachel Carson
(1962) (1962) Silent Spring. Silent Spring. SawSaw nature itself as under attacknature itself as under attack

Link of Person and EnvironmentLink of Person and Environment

Influence of Carol Germain and Alex Influence of Carol Germain and Alex
Gitterman (1976,1980)-- problems a result of Gitterman (1976,1980)-- problems a result of
stress due to and inadequate fit between people stress due to and inadequate fit between people
and their environments.and their environments.

Person in environment: social work still Person in environment: social work still
maintained the status quo viewmaintained the status quo view

Alternative Perspectives on Person and Alternative Perspectives on Person and
EnvironmentEnvironment

Deep ecology – term coined by Arne Naess of NorwayDeep ecology – term coined by Arne Naess of Norway

Deep ecologyDeep ecology

Includes all human and non human beings, processes, Includes all human and non human beings, processes,
things and systems in the total planetary ecology things and systems in the total planetary ecology

Emphasizes understanding of systems in a holistic wayEmphasizes understanding of systems in a holistic way

Concerned with equality and eco-justice in humanities Concerned with equality and eco-justice in humanities
relationship with nature relationship with nature

In contrast, In contrast, shallow ecologyshallow ecology

Concerned with ecological problems only because of their Concerned with ecological problems only because of their
impact on humansimpact on humans

Emphasis on privileged classes and societiesEmphasis on privileged classes and societies

Human beings are not the prime center of importance in the Human beings are not the prime center of importance in the
universe. universe.

Humans aren’t Humans aren’t inin the environment, but the environment, but withwith the environment. the environment.
Notion of Notion of an ecological self.an ecological self.

… … Deep EcologyDeep Ecology

Deep questioning can lead to a shift of Deep questioning can lead to a shift of
consciousness. consciousness.

We can know other beings through We can know other beings through deep empathy.deep empathy.

Deep ecology is about unity with other people Deep ecology is about unity with other people
and with the earth itselfand with the earth itself

Gives human/nature relationship central Gives human/nature relationship central
importance.importance.

Implications for social work—need to address Implications for social work—need to address
problems that arise from destructive interference problems that arise from destructive interference
with naturewith nature

Norway and Deep EcologyNorway and Deep Ecology

Boxed reading: “Insights on Deep Ecology from Boxed reading: “Insights on Deep Ecology from
Norway” by Fred BesthornNorway” by Fred Besthorn

Norway ranked number one in human developmentNorway ranked number one in human development

Landscape of deep fjords and high mountainsLandscape of deep fjords and high mountains

Natural environment as a spiritual sanctuaryNatural environment as a spiritual sanctuary

Belief in land as open to all; public can roam freely Belief in land as open to all; public can roam freely
on open countrysideon open countryside

Skiing, biking, walking for all; nonmotorized Skiing, biking, walking for all; nonmotorized
recreationrecreation

Note from van Wormer who experienced this sense Note from van Wormer who experienced this sense
of nature in living and working in Norwayof nature in living and working in Norway

Alternative Perspectives on Person and Alternative Perspectives on Person and
EnvironmentEnvironment

EcofeminismEcofeminism (Francoise d’Eaubonne, 1994) (Francoise d’Eaubonne, 1994)

illustrates the potential of women for bringing about an illustrates the potential of women for bringing about an
ecological revolution to guarantee human survival. ecological revolution to guarantee human survival.

Rejects dominance, competition, materialism and techno- Rejects dominance, competition, materialism and techno-
scientific exploitation and competitive aspects of social scientific exploitation and competitive aspects of social
systems.systems.

Major conceptual themes: Major conceptual themes:

Image of nurturing mother caring for her children Image of nurturing mother caring for her children

Relationships and all forms of social domination are feminist Relationships and all forms of social domination are feminist
concernsconcerns

Interconnectedness of everything.Interconnectedness of everything.

Ecofeminism rejects the reductionist tendencies and Ecofeminism rejects the reductionist tendencies and
emphasizes the organic wholeness of the universe. emphasizes the organic wholeness of the universe.

A New Ecological Model for Social WorkA New Ecological Model for Social Work

Social work must return to its progressive activist roots, to:Social work must return to its progressive activist roots, to:

political action, policy formation and attention to global issues political action, policy formation and attention to global issues

practice the value of material equalitypractice the value of material equality

advocate for an alternative vision of the good lifeadvocate for an alternative vision of the good life

criticize modern economic theorycriticize modern economic theory

confront the illusion of consumer happinessconfront the illusion of consumer happiness

We recommend a reorientation of social work perspective from being in We recommend a reorientation of social work perspective from being in
environment (social) to being in nature (as a totality).environment (social) to being in nature (as a totality).

Educational setting should operate in environmentally sound mannerEducational setting should operate in environmentally sound manner
and encourage social activism to confront oppression.and encourage social activism to confront oppression.

In short, this book offers a new vision of community, return to joy in the In short, this book offers a new vision of community, return to joy in the
simpler life, pleasure in nature, conversations, spiritual rituals, neighborhood simpler life, pleasure in nature, conversations, spiritual rituals, neighborhood
gatherings, family outings, artistic pursuits, music, dance, literature, and gatherings, family outings, artistic pursuits, music, dance, literature, and
experiencing nature.experiencing nature.

Chapter 9Chapter 9
Human Behavior and the Religious/Spiritual Environment: Human Behavior and the Religious/Spiritual Environment:
The Community of FaithThe Community of Faith

This chapter is concerned with spirituality and religion – both This chapter is concerned with spirituality and religion – both
may be a search for the sacred. Models of spiritual growth across may be a search for the sacred. Models of spiritual growth across
the life span are explored as is the social work interest in spiritual the life span are explored as is the social work interest in spiritual
and religious expression.and religious expression.

American Religious Identification
Survey
 Survey shows 1 in 5 identify as nones—non-
believers
Decline in mainline church attendance
34% identify as born again Christians
70% believe in God
Most “nones” among Irish Americans, Asian
Americans, and Jews

Social Work’s Treatment of Religion Social Work’s Treatment of Religion
and Spiritualityand Spirituality

Laura Praglin, social work scholar (2004), delineated four typical ways the Laura Praglin, social work scholar (2004), delineated four typical ways the
social work has responded to the concepts of religion and spirituality: social work has responded to the concepts of religion and spirituality:

1) resistance or avoidance of a dialogue on the subject;1) resistance or avoidance of a dialogue on the subject;

2) an overly generalized acceptance of the spiritual nature of practice , minimizing 2) an overly generalized acceptance of the spiritual nature of practice , minimizing
conflict;conflict;

3) a radical separation of the terms spirituality and religion for ideological reasons; 3) a radical separation of the terms spirituality and religion for ideological reasons;
has led to feeling of rejection by evangelical Christians; has led to feeling of rejection by evangelical Christians;

4) a sincere interdisciplinary engagement of the two constructs.4) a sincere interdisciplinary engagement of the two constructs.

Holistic Model – views spirituality as one aspect of what it means to be Holistic Model – views spirituality as one aspect of what it means to be
human; as providing a sense of wholeness.human; as providing a sense of wholeness.

Boxed reading, “Earth as Source of Spirit” (Michael Sheridan)—healing Boxed reading, “Earth as Source of Spirit” (Michael Sheridan)—healing
powers of the earth shown in case studies of social work with male inmates, powers of the earth shown in case studies of social work with male inmates,
urban adolescents, and women in substance abuse treatment. Their images of urban adolescents, and women in substance abuse treatment. Their images of
nature made them feel peaceful and connected.nature made them feel peaceful and connected.

Kwanzaa
Based on African celebration of the harvest
Kwanzaa means “first fruits”
Ritual that includes singing hymns about the
harvest celebrated in America around Christmas
time
Celebration of African heritage
Principles of unity, collective work, purpose,
self-determination, creativity, and faith

Social Work’s Early Religious HeritageSocial Work’s Early Religious Heritage

Mainstream Protestantism Mainstream Protestantism

Pre-Civil War period– Protestantism, the Pre-Civil War period– Protestantism, the
dominant religious force, brought unity, but dominant religious force, brought unity, but
poverty viewed in terms of personal flaws poverty viewed in terms of personal flaws

Post-Civil War—tendency toward disunity, anti-Post-Civil War—tendency toward disunity, anti-
CatholicismCatholicism

Mainstream Protestantism failed to meet the Mainstream Protestantism failed to meet the
challenges of the industrial revolution.challenges of the industrial revolution.

The Social Gospel MovementThe Social Gospel Movement

The Social Gospel- new form of Protestant The Social Gospel- new form of Protestant
Christianity --liberal Protestantism’s response to Christianity --liberal Protestantism’s response to
the unregulated capitalism and the the unregulated capitalism and the
environmental circumstances of human misery.environmental circumstances of human misery.

Institutional churches or religious settlements – Institutional churches or religious settlements –
it was the environment, not the individual that it was the environment, not the individual that
formed the locus of change.formed the locus of change.

Reform oriented—focus on living as Jesus lived Reform oriented—focus on living as Jesus lived
rather than on doctrinerather than on doctrine

Cross-fertilization of ideas with social workCross-fertilization of ideas with social work

Protestant FundamentalismProtestant Fundamentalism

Responsible for the following institutions: Responsible for the following institutions:

The YMCA, private philanthropic agencies, denominational The YMCA, private philanthropic agencies, denominational
hospitals, city missions, the temperance movement, the hospitals, city missions, the temperance movement, the
Salvation Army Salvation Army

Anecdotal claims that social work faculty have an anti-Anecdotal claims that social work faculty have an anti-
evangelical bias and discriminate—claim is exaggeratedevangelical bias and discriminate—claim is exaggerated

Striking characteristic of modern fundamentalists is the Striking characteristic of modern fundamentalists is the
involvement in politicsinvolvement in politics

Younger evangelicals are especially concerned about Younger evangelicals are especially concerned about
environmental sustainability.environmental sustainability.

Theoretical Perspectives on SpiritualityTheoretical Perspectives on Spirituality

These perspectives provide social workers with a general These perspectives provide social workers with a general
framework for how people understand and incorporate framework for how people understand and incorporate
constructs into their lives.constructs into their lives.

Gordon Allport – Model of Religious Sentiments (1950)--one’s Gordon Allport – Model of Religious Sentiments (1950)--one’s
religiosity was very different from that which was experience in religiosity was very different from that which was experience in
childhood. Three stages:childhood. Three stages:

1) 1) raw credulity-raw credulity- young to middle childhood children believe young to middle childhood children believe
what their told. what their told.

2) 2) satisfying rationalismsatisfying rationalism- adolescence when teens start to - adolescence when teens start to
question beliefs from childhood question beliefs from childhood

3) 3) religious maturityreligious maturity- adult religious development characterized - adult religious development characterized
by ability to have religion while also being able to critically by ability to have religion while also being able to critically
reflect and questionreflect and question

Fowler’s Model of Spiritual DevelopmentFowler’s Model of Spiritual Development

James Fowler (1981) influenced by Erikson, Piaget and Kohlberg. Relied on James Fowler (1981) influenced by Erikson, Piaget and Kohlberg. Relied on
intensive interview with subjects aged 3-84.His six stages:intensive interview with subjects aged 3-84.His six stages:

(pre-stage period) primal faith(pre-stage period) primal faith

1- intuitive-projective faith – children – symbols, dreams and imagination.1- intuitive-projective faith – children – symbols, dreams and imagination.

2 - mythic-literal faith stage – children separate fantasy from reality. God in 2 - mythic-literal faith stage – children separate fantasy from reality. God in
human terms, father, ruler.human terms, father, ruler.

3 - synthetic-conventional faith – adolescent – self-reflective. God seen with 3 - synthetic-conventional faith – adolescent – self-reflective. God seen with
personal qualities of love, acceptance and understanding.personal qualities of love, acceptance and understanding.

4 - individuative-reflective faith- transition from late adolescence to 4 - individuative-reflective faith- transition from late adolescence to
responsibility for one’s own beliefs and lifestyle.responsibility for one’s own beliefs and lifestyle.

5 - conjunctive faith- mid-life, recognize God is both personal and abstract. 5 - conjunctive faith- mid-life, recognize God is both personal and abstract.
Either/or debates become both/and resolutions.Either/or debates become both/and resolutions.

6 – universalizing faith – pinnacle of faith development, deep recognition of 6 – universalizing faith – pinnacle of faith development, deep recognition of
the oneness of all experiences and phenomenon. Only 3 out of every 1,000 the oneness of all experiences and phenomenon. Only 3 out of every 1,000
people reach this stage. Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Mother people reach this stage. Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Mother
Teresa.Teresa.

Wilber’s Model of ConsciousnessWilber’s Model of Consciousness

Ken Wilber (1980) Ken Wilber (1980) full-spectrum model of consciousness--full-spectrum model of consciousness-- a complex a complex
system that focuses on both individual and collective aspects.system that focuses on both individual and collective aspects.

Influenced by psychoanalytical theoryInfluenced by psychoanalytical theory

View of the separateness of things as an illusion and not a realityView of the separateness of things as an illusion and not a reality

Insight can occur by virtue of an evolutionary ascent to a higher stage of Insight can occur by virtue of an evolutionary ascent to a higher stage of
consciousness that integrates all the previous stages and represents a consciousness that integrates all the previous stages and represents a
transpersonaltranspersonal level of awareness. level of awareness.

Holon – composed of whole/partsHolon – composed of whole/parts

10 basic stages of psycho-spiritual development occur in three general 10 basic stages of psycho-spiritual development occur in three general
phases of development:phases of development:

Stages 0-3 Stages 0-3 prepersonalprepersonal or or preegoic phasepreegoic phase..

Stages 4-6 Stages 4-6 personalpersonal or or egoic phase.egoic phase.

Stages 7-9 Stages 7-9 transpersonaltranspersonal or or trans-egoic phasetrans-egoic phase..

Achievement of strong ego development and self-actualization is not the Achievement of strong ego development and self-actualization is not the
highest goal but rather the “spirit” level – beyond ego or self to self-highest goal but rather the “spirit” level – beyond ego or self to self-
transcendence and unity with the ultimate reality.transcendence and unity with the ultimate reality.

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

No perfect theoretical models of religious and/or spiritual No perfect theoretical models of religious and/or spiritual
development.development.

Inherently biased toward Western belief systemsInherently biased toward Western belief systems

Challenge to social work is to rediscover linkages among Challenge to social work is to rediscover linkages among
spirituality and religion, and social work theory and practicespirituality and religion, and social work theory and practice

Conclusion to the book—Conclusion to the book—we have come full circle, from study we have come full circle, from study
of human behavior in the group, family, culture, community, of human behavior in the group, family, culture, community,
organizations to ever higher levels of abstraction—the natural organizations to ever higher levels of abstraction—the natural
environment and spiritual realms. Image of holon to show that environment and spiritual realms. Image of holon to show that
each part is both a whole and a part of another whole.each part is both a whole and a part of another whole.

HBSE2 macro power point important lecture .ppt

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HBSE2 macro power point important lecture .ppt

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