Heart_Failure_Review_12Slide.pptx and use

Education management in veerotsav

1. A Comprehensive Review on Heart Failure and Its Management Submitted by: Mandhra Aadil Abdulmajid Guided by: Mr. Vishal Pathak Institute: Veerayatan Institute of Pharmacy Year: 2025

2. Abstract Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. The prevalence of CHF continues to rise, demanding innovative treatment approaches such as Ivabradine and Sacubitril/Valsartan, alongside lifestyle modification.

3. Introduction Heart failure results from the heart’s inability to supply adequate blood flow. It affects cardiac structure and function, primarily involving left ventricular dysfunction.

4. Types of CHF 1. Systolic Heart Failure (HFrEF): Reduced ejection fraction due to weak heart muscles. 2. Diastolic Heart Failure (HFpEF): Normal ejection fraction but stiff ventricles limiting filling.

5. Pathophysiology CHF involves neurohormonal activation (RAAS, SNS), leading to vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and ventricular remodeling. Chronic stress causes hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiac cells.

6. Etiology Main causes include: - Ischemic Heart Disease - Hypertension - Valvular Heart Disease - Cardiomyopathies - Obesity and Arrhythmia - Thyrotoxicosis and High-output cardiac failure

7. Diagnosis Diagnostic methods: - Blood Tests (BNP, NT-proBNP) - Chest X-ray and ECG - Echocardiogram - Exercise Stress Test for cardiac performance evaluation.

8. Pharmacological Treatment Main drug classes: - ACE Inhibitors (Enalapril, Lisinopril) - Beta Blockers (Carvedilol) - Diuretics (Furosemide) - Cardiac Glycosides (Digoxin) - Vasodilators and ARBs

9. Mechanism Diagram Diagram: Relationship between reduced cardiac output → RAAS activation → fluid retention → CHF worsening.

10. Non-Pharmacological Treatment Includes lifestyle changes: - Low sodium diet - Fluid restriction - Daily weight monitoring - Exercise training - Avoid alcohol and smoking.

11. Advanced Therapies Emerging treatments: - Gene therapy and Stem cell therapy - Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) - Heart Transplant in end-stage cases.

12. Conclusion Heart failure remains a major cause of mortality. Early detection, optimal pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, and newer technologies offer improved survival and quality of life.

13. References 1. Momin AJ, Lotankar AR (2018). Advances in Pharmacy 6(2): 57–64. 2. Gomberg-Maitland M et al. (2023). JACC Heart Fail 11(9):1165–1180. 3. Singh AK et al. (2005). J Indian Acad Geriatr 1:31–39.