Rickert, Value Philosophy and the Primacy of Practical Reason 11
sciences in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In other words, it was
not only the progression of the natural sciences (Naturwissenschafteri) that
was undermining or at least making irrelevant the systems of absolute ideal-
ism. Even more important was the rise of the human sciences (Geisteswis-
senschaften) and the subsequent 'controversy over methods' (Methodenstreii),
i.e. whether the human sciences could be methodologically assimilated to
the natural sciences or needed their own unique methodology. For those
philosophers who believed that the methodologies of the two sciences must
remain separate, absolute idealism's attempt to constitutively unify all the
sciences seemed hopeless. That is, one principle alone could not account for
the distinct constitutive categories required by the knowledge of nature
(JVator), on the one hand, and that of spirit (Geist), on the other.
That is, if all knowledge was constitutively the result of one principle
then, at some fundamental level, the sciences must share a methodology.
For instance, take the case of philosophical naturalism. If all knowledge
is ultimately to be reduced to the knowledge of nature then, at a fundamen-
tal level, the sciences of spirit must share the methodology of the natural
sciences. In the case of Fichte and Hegel's absolute idealism, reality is at
bottom dialectical and therefore knowledge too must employ a dialectical
method. Consequently, both the natural and human sciences must employ,
at a fundamental level, the dialectical method. To many in the latter half
of the nineteenth century, it seemed sheer nonsense to suggest that the
natural sciences should be governed at any level by the dialectical method,
and it looked highly implausible that the human sciences should be either.
Since it was a denning characteristic of the southwestern school of Neo-
Kantianism that the methodologies of the natural and human sciences must
be kept distinct, they believed that no single principle could be found to con-
stitutively ground knowledge in the special sciences.
However, it was believed, or at least hoped, that some principle could
unify the sciences since, after all, every science consisted of theoretical
knowledge. Philosophy of value hoped to unify the sciences by means of the
goal common to all theoretical knowledge, namely truth. In other words,
it aspired to unify the special sciences by means of the regulative, i.e. non-
constitutive, 'rationalistic' teleological principle of the universally valid
value of truth. This seemed to have a distinct advantage over the con-
stitutive approach to unifying the sciences in so far as it seemed obviously
true that there could be multiple possible ways of realizing the same end.
That is, generating difference out of a constitutive monism is a task that
is, at best, tricky and, at worst, spurious. On the other hand, viewing
different methodologies as simply different ways in which the sciences rea-
lize the same goal seemed eminently credible. This does not mean that the