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1. Notre Dame of Midsayap College MC 103 – Microbiology and Parasitology College of Nursing HELMINTHS JOHN RYAN BORJA, RN, LPT, MAED, MANc Clinical Instructor

2. ACCORDING TO TAXONOMY Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Helminths are COMMONLY referred as parasitic worms . These organisms can infect humans and other animals, causing a variety of diseases known as helminthiasis . Helminths have complex life cycles involving different hosts, and they can reside in various parts of the body, such as the intestines, liver, lungs, and blood vessels ..

3. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing

4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS PARASITIC MULTICELLULAR Can affect various HOST Has COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES V arious methods of infection Has PROTECTIVE LAYERS Has structures that ensure FEEDING Spreads in various METHODS

5. ACCORDING TO TAXONOMY Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Kingdom Animalia Sub-kingdom Invertebrata I. Phylum Platyhelminthes - F latworms II. Phylum Nematoda - Roundworms III. Phylum Annelida - Segmented Worms IV. Phylum Arthropoda - Tics , Mites , Lice

6. ACCORDING TO REPRODUCTION Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Sexual Reproduction Many helminths have separate male and female individuals, a characteristic known as DIOECIOUS . In these species, sexual reproduction involves the mating of male and female worms, followed by the production of eggs by the female. The eggs are then released into the environment through feces or other means. Examples of helminths that reproduce sexually include many species of tapeworms and roundworms.

7. ACCORDING TO REPRODUCTION Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Asexual Reproduction Some helminths can reproduce asexually, where new individuals are produced from a single parent organism without the involvement of gametes (sex cells). This can occur through processes such as fragmentation , where a worm breaks into pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual. However, asexual reproduction is less common among helminths compared to sexual reproduction.

8. ACCORDING TO REPRODUCTION Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Parthenogenesis Certain species of helminths are capable of parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction where unfertilized eggs develop into offspring. This process allows females to produce offspring without mating with a male. Parthenogenesis is seen in some parasitic nematodes and trematodes.

9. ACCORDING TO REPRODUCTION Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Immediate Host In many cases, helminths require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle. The reproductive stages may occur within these hosts. For instance, in the case of some tapeworms, eggs released by the adult worm are ingested by an intermediate host (often an animal), where they hatch into larvae. These larvae then develop into a form that can infect the definitive host (often a human).

10. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A . Class Cestoda (Tapeworms) B . Class Trematoda (Flukes) C. Class Turbellaria ( Planaria )

11. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)   Taenia ­ pisiformis .

12. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)   Taenia ­ pisiformis . A scolex with four suckers and an armed rostellum , a short neck region, a series of immature proglottids with undeveloped reproductive organs, a series of mature proglottids with fully developed male and female reproductive organs, and a series of gravid proglottids with an expanded uterus filled with eggs .

13. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms)   Taenia ­ pisiformis . A picture of a Taenia pisformis in the human gut. Notice the characteristics of the cestode .

14. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B. Class Trematoda (Flukes)   Clonorchis sinensis The functional parts of the Clonorchis sinensis . Notice the presence of both testes and ovaries.

15. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B. Class Trematoda (Flukes)   Clonorchis sinensis

16. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B. Class Trematoda (Flukes)   Schistosoma A picture of Schistosoma japonicum that can cause SCHISTOSOMIASIS.

17. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B. Class Trematoda (Flukes) A picture of a Schistosomiasis Patient with apparent Abdominal Enlargement compared to his sibling who does not have the disease.

18. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY C . Class Turbellaria   Planaria species The functional parts of Planaria . Notice the shape, the organs, and the nervous system.

19. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES FLATWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Characteristic Cestoda (Tapeworms) Trematoda (Flukes) Turbellaria (Planarians) Body Structure Long, ribbon-like body consisting of multiple segments called proglottids . Leaf-like or oval-shaped body, usually unsegmented. Flat, elongated body with bilateral symmetry, usually unsegmented. Digestive System Absent; no mouth or digestive tract. Nutrients absorbed directly through the body wall. Simple digestive system with mouth and branched gut. Simple digestive system with mouth and branched gut. Parasitic or Free-living Parasitic, living in the digestive tract of vertebrates. Parasitic, infecting various organs of vertebrates and invertebrates. Mostly free-living in freshwater, marine, or moist terrestrial environments. Hosts Vertebrates, including humans, serve as definitive hosts. Intermediate hosts may also be required. Various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts, depending on species. No specific host dependency, though some species may have symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Reproduction Sexual reproduction; cross-fertilization between individuals. Sexual and asexual reproduction; complex life cycles often involving multiple hosts and stages. Sexual reproduction; hermaphroditic (possessing both male and female reproductive organs) in many species. Example Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworm). Schistosoma spp. (blood flukes), Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke). Dugesia spp., Planaria spp.

20. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Adenophorea Includes free-living and parasitic nematodes. Examples: Caenorhabditis (free-living), Ascaris (parasitic).

21. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Adenophorea A child with severe form of ASCARIASIS that resulted to the formation of a LARGE BOLUS which was excreted after treatment.

22. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Adenophorea A child with ASCARIASIS whose infestation has resulted to the exit of the helminths at the nose and mouth of the child.

23. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B . Class Secernentea Includes both free-living and parasitic nematodes. Subclasses within Secernentea include Rhabditia , Diplogasteria , Tylenchia , and Strongylida , among others. Examples: Enterobius (pinworm), Strongyloides (threadworm), Trichinella (trichinosis worm).

24. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Enterobius or pinworm. The adult female worm migrates to the perianal region at night to lay eggs. This often causes intense itching, leading to scratching and the transfer of eggs to the hands and bedding. When ingested by another host (typically through contaminated food, water, or inhalation), the eggs hatch in the small intestine, and the larvae mature into adult worms in the colon.

25. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Strongyloides stercoralis is primarily found in the small intestine of humans and other primates.

26. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Trichinella is the genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nematoda that cause trichinosis (also known as trichinellosis ). Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms.

27. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Trichuris roundworm found in the gastronintestinal tract.

28. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Trichuris is also referred to as WHIPWORM.

29. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A picture of a prolapsed rectum infested with whipworms.

30. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY An filariasis or elephantiasis infection.

31. PHYLUM NEMATODA ROUNDWORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY Characteristic Adenophorea Secernentea Mouth and Phasmids Mouth usually terminal, phasmids absent or anterior. Mouth typically subterminal, phasmids present. Reproductive System Dimorphic reproductive system present in some species. Monomorphic reproductive system. Example Genera Caenorhabditis, Diploscapter, Panagrolaimus, etc. Ascaris, Enterobius , Strongyloides , Trichinella , etc. Habitat Includes both free-living and parasitic nematodes. Includes both free-living and parasitic nematodes. Ecological Roles Various ecological roles, including soil organisms and parasites. Various ecological roles, including soil organisms and parasites.

32. PHYLUM ANNELIDA SEGEMENTED WORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Hirudenia Hirudineans are commonly known as LEECHES. They typically have a flattened body and possess suckers at both ends, which they use for attachment and locomotion. Leeches are often BLOOD-FEEDERS , using specialized mouthparts to puncture the skin of their hosts and consume blood .

33. PHYLUM ANNELIDA SEGEMENTED WORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY A. Class Hirudenia Some species of leeches are also capable of feeding on other body fluids or tissues. Leeches are used in various medical and therapeutic applications, including bloodletting and promoting blood circulation in microsurgery.

34. PHYLUM ANNELIDA SEGEMENTED WORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY B . Class Polychaeta Marine worms that have numerous bristle-like structures called CHAETAE on each body segment. They are diverse in form and habitat, with some living in tubes, burrows, or freely moving on the ocean floor. Many polychaetes are active predators or scavengers, while others are filter feeders.

35. PHYLUM ANNELIDA SEGEMENTED WORMS Notre Dame of Midsayap College – College of Nursing MC 103 – MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY C . Class Oligo chaeta Primarily freshwater or terrestrial worms that typically have fewer chaetae compared to polychaetes . They are characterized by their relatively simple body structure and lack of specialized appendages. Earthworms are a well-known example of oligochaetes and play important roles in soil ecology through their feeding and burrowing activities.