heredity for school science class presentation

heredity for school science class presentation

1. To understand the effects of “nature and nurture” on human
development, some scholars have studied identical twins
separated at birth and adopted by different families. One
important study by Peter Neubauer used adopted twins without
their knowledge. These studies revealed that even twins
separated at birth share some characteristics with their siblings
years later. This proves that while some traits are genetically
inherited, others are learned from the environment in which a
child is raised.
Heredity and Environment

2. A personalityis the sum total of behaviors, attitudes,
beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
•Heredityis the transmission of
genetic characteristics from
parents to children
•Instinctis an unchanging
biologically inherited behavior
•Sociobiologysearches for the
biological basis of all social
behavior
Nature
Nature Versus Nurture
•Social environment can imprint
characteristics on a child
•Pavlov’s experiments showed
that behavior could be taught
•Most social scientists believe
personality arises from a
mixture of both nature and
nurture
Nurture

3. Heredity
•Characteristics present at birth
include hair type, eye color, and
certain aptitudes.
•Biological needs include hunger
and thirst.
•Culture decides how you will use or
satisfy hereditary characteristics.
Parental Characteristics
•Age, level of education, religious
orientation, economic status,
cultural heritage, and occupation of
parents can shape personalities of
children.
BirthOrder
•Personalities are influenced by
brothers and sisters.
•Early-born siblings have different
traits than later-born siblings.
The Cultural Environment
•Each culture has set “model
personalities.”
•Individuals experience a culture in
different ways.
Factors in Personality Development

5. •Feral children and those with very little contact with a social
environment do not develop skills such as walking or language.
•In some instances, remedial therapy can allow isolated children to
develop language and social skills..
Influence of Social Environment
•Studies show that a lack of human contact can result in
developmental abnormalities as well as death.

6. The Social Self
•Through socialization, people learn the basic values and
behavior patterns of a culture and develop a sense of
self.
•John Locke believed that humans were blank slates that
could be socialized to have any type of character.
•According to Charles Horton Cooley, we develop our
sense of self through an interactive process based on
how we think we appear to others.

7. The Social Self
•George Herbert Mead proposed that we are socialized
through a three-step process called role-taking, in which
we learn to internalize the expectations of society.
•Sociologist Erving Goffman developed the theory of
impression management, in which the self that we
present to the world changes based on circumstance.

8. Socializationis the interactive process through which
people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior
patterns of a society. There are many theories of how
individuals gain a self, or distinct identity that separates
you from other members of society.
•A “clean slate” onto which
anything can be written
•Believed adults could shape
newborns’ personality
•Absorb the aspects of the
culture they are in contact with
Locke: The Tabula Rasa
The Development of Self
•Process by which we develop
an idea of selfbased on how
we think we appear to others
•Three-step process
•Begins in infancy but continues
throughout life
Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self

9. •Seeing ourselves as others see us is first step
•Eventually take on, or pretend to take on, the roles of others (role-
taking)
•Significant othersare the people who are closest to us: parents,
siblings, and others who directly influence our socialization
•As an individual ages, significant others grow less important
•Generalized otheris the internalized attitudes, expectations and
viewpoints of society
•Children under three can only imitate the actions of others
•Self consists of “I” and “me”
–The “I” is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of
personality
–The “me” is the part that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of
society—the socialized self
Mead: Role-Taking

11. Agents of Socialization
•The primary agents of socialization are the family, the
peer group, the school, and the mass media.
•As the principal socializer of young children, the family is
the most important agent of socialization in most
societies.
•As children grow older, forces outside the family—such
as friends, school, and mass media—increasingly
influence them.
•Resocialization, or the process of learning new values
and norms, can be voluntary or involuntary.
Section 3 at a Glance

12. Sociologists use the term agents of socializationto
describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions
that enable socialization to take place.
•Most important agent in most
societies
•Usually first agent
•Can be intentional or
unintentional
•Reflects the social groups
family belongs to
The Family
Primary Agents
•Composed of individuals of
roughly equal age and similar
social characteristics
•Particularly important during
pre-teen and early teen years
•Socialization focuses on values
of the peer group
The Peer Group

13. The Mass Media
•Mass media: instruments of communication that reach large
audiences without personal contact between those sending and
those receiving the information, such as films, television, and radio
•Television is most common mass media
•Both positive and negative behaviors and beliefs are learned from
television
The School
•Planned activities for the deliberate purpose of teaching skills
•Extracurricular activities intended to prepare for a life in society
•Transmit cultural values
•Unintentional socialization comes from teachers and peer groups

14. Heredity

15. What is Heredity?
•Heredity= the passing on of traits from
one generation to the next.

16. What is a Trait?
Atraitis a specific characteristic that is
unique.
Traitsaffect the way we look
Traitsaffect how our bodies function
Traitsare inherited
•Examples are hair color, eye color, handedness,
etc.

17. Dominant Trait
A dominant traitis a trait that is always
expressed, or shown.
–Examples are brown hair, brown eyes, right
handed

18. Recessive Trait
Arecessive traitis a trait that is covered up
or seems to disappear.
–Examples are blonde hair, blue eyes, left
handed

19. Where Do Traits Come From?
Factors that make up an individual come from
bothparents.
The trait information is passed on from
generation to generation in the form of
genes.

20. Do you see any ways that these
children are similar to their parents or
brothers and sisters?

21. Look around. Is anyone just like you?
You and everyone else are unique.
No two people are exactly alike,
including identical twins. However,
many of your traits are inherited.
People in a family may have things in
common. They can share traits. You
can inherit traits from your parents.
Some traits include:

22. Eye Color

23. Hair color

24. Hair Texture

25. Skin Color

26. Body Shape

27. What is a Pedigree?
Apedigreeis a diagram that shows the history of
a trait as it is passed from one generation to the
next.
Pedigreesindicate patterns
Pedigreesidentify carriers of genetic disorders
Pedigreesare useful for genetic counseling
•Example: a pedigree is like a family tree for one trait.

28. Rules For Making A Pedigree
•Females are represented by circles
•Males are represented by squares
•Mother/Father couples are connected by a line
•Offspring are shown oldest on the left to youngest on the
right
•Half-shaded circle represents a female carrier for the trait
•Half-shaded square represents a male carrier for the trait
•Full-shaded circle represents a female with the trait
•Full-shaded square represents a male with the trait

30. A Pedigree
Parents
Offspring
Youngest to Oldest
Trait:

32. Heredity and Genetics
Your genesdetermine whether or not you
possess certain physical traits. Your
genes make you blue eyed or brown eyed,
or have brown or blond hair. These traits
are highly complex, and involve the
interaction of many genes.

33. What are Genes?
Ageneis a specific location on a
chromosome that controls a
certain trait.

34. Where Do Genes Come From?
•An individual needs 2 genes for each trait
–one gene from each parent.
•This gene pair is called an allele.
–One gene comes from the sperm cell (from
the Father)
–One gene comes from the egg cell (from the
Mother)

35. How Do Genes Get Their
Information?
Achromosomeis a structure in the cell
that contains the genetic information.
–This information is passed on from one
generation to the next generation.

37. How Do Genes Control Traits?
Deoxyriboneucleic Acid
DNA is the “instruction code” that the
genes use to form traits.
–DNA is long threads of material found in all
cells.
–DNA contains the “master code” that instructs
all cells in their daily jobs.
Genesare short pieces of DNA that make up our
chromosomes.
Each piece of DNA that is related to a gene
makes up one trait.

38. Models of DNA

39. How Do We Look The Way We Do?
•Parents pass on copies of their DNA to their
offspring.
•The DNA from each parent combines to form the
DNA of the offspring.
•How the offspring develops depends on the
instructions coded in the DNA donated by both
parents.
•Offspring are similar to parents, but different due
to the many possible combinations of the 4 bases.
•Every individual is unique.

40. Personality Development
•People develop their personalities over the course of their
lives.
•While scientists have debated for years whether nature or
nurture plays a bigger role in personality development, most
social scientists today believe that environmental factors have
the biggest influence.
•According to social scientists, the principal factors that
influence personality and behavior are heredity, birth order,
parental characteristics, and cultural environment.
•Studies of isolated children suggest the importance of
environment in personality development.
Environment and development

41. Conclusions about Heredity-Environment Interaction
•Both genes and environment are necessary for a person to exist.
•The emerging view is that genes give people a propensity for a
particular developmental trajectory that is ultimately realized through
environmental circumstances.