Highrise structure

presentation on highrise structure. (Hajee mohammad danesh science and technology university.)

1. A STUDY ON HIGHRISE STRUCTURE WITH CASE STUDY STUDENT ID: 1407201 1407212 1407218 1407239 GROUP-E

2. High-rise is physically defined as the multi-storied building, generally constructed with a structural frame; provide high-speed elevators for vertical main circulation and combining extraordinary height with ordinary space . Buildings between 75 feet and 491 feet (23 m to 150 m) high are considered high-rises. Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are classified as skyscrapers . 520 feet 75 feet 491 feet skyscraper

3. Demand on High-rise Structures •General •Vertical load •Horizontal •Unexpected Deflections •Wind Loads • Earthquake Loads • Seismic load • Temperature load etc.

4. Load : Load is the external forces acting on very small area on a particular point of a supporting structural element .This load is classified in some points. Geophysical Man-made Dead load : Dead loads may be defined as the static force caused by the weight of every element within the structure . Live load : Loads caused by contents of objects within or on a building are called occupancy loads. This loads includes allowance for the weights of people, furniture, moveable partitions, mechanical equipment etc . Sources of building loads

5. General •A high-rise is a tall building or structure •The structures are high &leads to higher vertical loads and higher lateral loads (mainly due to wind stress ) in comparison with lower buildings . Vertical Loads •Dead loads arise from the weight of the individual construction elements and the finishing loads . Horizontal Loads •It generally arises from unexpected deflections, wind and earthquake loads.

6. Wind load: The mean wind velocity is generally increases with height. The formula of pressure generated by the wind on abuilding. Wind turbulance Wind pressure

7. Seismic load: It is this wave motion that is known as earthquake., It is apparent that a fault which has suffered from earthquakes in the past is most likely subject to future disturbances

8. Column : It is a structural member used to support axial compressive loads applied at the member ends . Types of Column Exposure: The degree of exposure on any exterior column is critical to the potential thermal movement caused by temperature effects. Fig . shows the four basic types of column exposure in order of increasing thermal response to ambient temperatures.

9. Three basic types of cladding details for a -partially exposed column are discussed below. Simple Cladding: Column insulation of this type is least effective because the air surrounding the column responds readily to the temperature of the metal cladding, which is highly susceptible to the effects of exterior temperatures. Insulation of this type should not be used in buildings more than 10 stories high . Columns Encased in Concrete with Exterior Cladding : A seamless composite skin is created, offering effective insulation as well as increased structural rigidity . Insulated Cladding The insulation of the cladding controls the transition of outside temperature to the column. Furthermore, a non-ventilated air space is created between the cladding and column providing good insulation for the column.

10. Types and Effects of Temperature-Induced Movement : Many types of building movement are related to temperature effects. Column Bending: The interior to exterior temperature differential, called temperature gradient, causes unequal stresses in exterior columns which cause bending.Differential Movement Between Interior and Exterior Columns.A vertical displacement occurs between the interior and exterior columns as changes in the gradient temperature create either expansion or contraction along the exterior column line . Differential Movement Between Exterior Columns: Differential vertical movement may appear between columns having different external surface exposures suchas for corner columns .

11. PHYSICAL RESTRAINT: Compensating roof truss : Eliminates differential movement between interior and exterior columns by providing compressive restraint for exterior columns in expansion, and tension restraint when columns are in contraction Thermal break : A compensating truss is placed at central points in the structural frame, ensuring that the total thermal movement along the exterior column line is greatly decreased Restraining floor system : Structural rigidity can be in creased by applying restraint at each floor level. Restraint of this nature requires deep floor systems . Rigid beam to column connections : When rigidly connected beams span between exterior and interior columns, resistance to the free movement of the exterior columns is provided.The amount of counteraction offered by these beams is dependent on their relative stiffness.

12. F0rced mechanical ventilation: Exterior columns can be mechanically heated by either forced air ventilation or radiant electric elements, to create a constant, uniform temperature around the column, thus eliminating column movement due to temperature changes . Gravity type vertical air circulation: In buildings exceeding 50 stories, temperature effects on exterior columns. using non-ventilated air spaces. Gravity-type air circulation through the column air spaces provides a uniform air temperature Openings at the top and bottom of the column shaft at each floor permit a natural warm air.

13. Beam: Beam is a rigid structural element which carries and transfer vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads ( earth quake or wind) . Material : steel,concrete,wood . Type: 1) square beam –rectangular cross section in reinforced concrete beam. 2) I beam- steel frame structure . Special type- (a)L beam (b)C (channel) beam (c)Tube beam Used in cylindrical shell or tube in case of special requirement.

14. Wall : Upright construction , continuous surface ,serving as enclosure , protect an area. Types : 1)Load bearing wall 2)Non load bearing wall Depending on how these walls are arranged within the building, one may subdivide them into three basic groups . The cross wall system consists of parallel linear walls running perpendicular to the length of the building , thus does not interfere with the treatment of the main facade . The long wall system consists of linear walls running parallel to the length of the building , thus forming the main facade wall. Two-way system consists of walls running in both direction.

15. The longitudinal walls carry the gravity loads and transfer the wind forces in local bending to the floor. The response of a shear wall to lateral loading depends greatly on its shape in plan, that is, the inertia it provides against bending. Some common linear shear wall forms are presented.

16. Slab : A rigid planer usually monolithic structure that disperses applied loads in multidirectional pattern with the loads generally following the shortest and stiffest routes to the supports in the system of construction slabs are used to provide flat, useful surface. A reinforced concrete slab is broad , flat plate , usually horizontal , with top and bottom surface parallel or nearby.

17. Type of High-Rise Structure 1 . Braced Frame 2 . Rigid Frame Structure 3 . Infilled Frame Structure 4 . Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure 5 . Shear wall structure 6. Wall-frame structure 7 . The trussed tube 8. Core and Outtrigger system 9 . Hybrid structure

18. 1. Braced Frame It is a device used as a supporting beam in a building that imparts rigidity and steadies the structure. It is extremely stiff.It helps positioning , supporting, strengthening or restraining the member of a structural frame . The basic principles are as follows: A. Each story may be fully braced B. The bracing may run across several stories C. Vertical K-bracing maybe used along the columns D. Horizontal portal bracing may be applied along the beams .

19. Types : 1. X- bracing. 2. K-bracing 3. XX-bracing 4. knee bracing 1. 2. 3. 4 . Materials: Are always composed of steel members.

20. Case study Central plaza, Malaysia Architect : Kean Yeang Height : 109.73m Floor : 29 (above ground) Structural system: Braced frame structure Structure type: K Bracing -Girders only participate minimally in the lateral bracing action -Floor framing design is independent of its level in the structure K Bracing

21. Century tower , Japan Architect : Norman Foster Height : 109.73m Floor : 29 (above ground) Structural system: Braced frame structure Structure type: Knee Bracing The girders participate only minimally in the lateral loads, and thus, the floor framing remains independent of height. Knee Bracing

22. Swiss Re Tower Architect : Norman Foster Height ; top of dome: 179.8 m Floor :floor area (incl. lightwells ): 74,300 m2 Structural system: Braced frame structure Structure type: Double Diagonal Bracing Double Diagonal Bracing Diagonal connections are expensive to fabricate and erect. Structural plan near mid-height of building (showing arrangement of clear-span radial floor beams aligning with perimeter column positions and light well edges). externally exposed steelwork Schematic representation of the perimeter diagonal structure.

23. 2. Rigid Frame Structure Consist of columns and girders joined The frame may be in plane with an interior wall of the building, or in plane with the facade. Suitable for building up to 20 – 30 stories. This study reveals several major frame categories: A. Parallel cross frames. B. Envelope frames. C.Two -way cross frames. D.Frames on polygonal grids

24. Also used for steel frame buildings. Ideally suited for reinforced concrete buildings . Materials : Case study MBf TOWER Architect : KEN YEANG Completion:1991 Height :391 m

25. Case study : Petronas tower,Kualalampur,Malaysia Location:Kualalampur,Malaysia Architect : ceaser pelli & Associates Completion:1997 Height :492 m (1482 ft ) Use: Services, office,entertainmaint

26. 3. Infilled Frame Structure For tall buildings up to 30 stories economical way of stiffening and strengthening the structure. The complex interactive behavior of the infill in the frame The complex interactive behavior of the infill in the frame, and the rather random quality of masonry. the stiffness and strength of an infilled frame Materials: Reinforced concrete & steel .

27. Case study Limestone infills & facing Empire state building Architect: John jockerbag Completion:1980 Height:250m

28. 4. Flat Plate and Flat Slab Structure Is the simplest and most logical of all structural forms in that it consists of uniforms slabs, connected rigidly to supporting columns . Economic for spans up to about 25 ft (8m),above which drop panels can be added to create a flat-slab structure for span of up to 38 ft (12m ). Suitable for building up to 25 stories height.

29. Banco de bilbau , Spain Architect: F.J. Saenz de Oiza Completion: 1979 Height: 102 m (334 ft ) Use :Bank office Case study Flat plate & slab

30. Case study Bel tower Architect: Nahas ahmed khalil Flat plate & slab Flat plate & slab

31. 5. Shear wall structure Vertical walls Very high in plane stiffness and strength Act as vertical cantilevers in the form of separate planar walls excellent acoustic and fire insulators between rooms and apartments. Minimum shrinkage restraint reinforcement Shear wall vertical movements will continue throughout the life of the building . Shear wall

32. Case study Trump international hotel & tower,Chicago,USA Architect: Petschnigg Height: 140 m (460 ft ) Completion:1970 Materials: Reinforced concrete

33. 6. Wall-frame structure Shear walls are combined with rigid frames The walls and frame interact horizontally, especially at the top, to produce stiffer and stronger structure . appropriate for the building in the 40 – 60 story range The braced frames behave with an overall flexural tendency to interact with the shear mode of the rigid frames . Materials : Reinforced concrete & steel

34. Majestic building, New ze a land Architect : Manning and Associates Completion:1991 Height:116 m Use: offices Case study Shear wall Rigid frame

35. 7. The trussed tube similar to the framed tube but have fewer exterior columns space it forms a rigid box which is capable of resisting lateral loads it is possible to have a lot of clear spaces for window diagonals interact with the perpendicular face trusses to make the structure tubular Exterior trusses

36. Hancock tower Building ,Chicago ,USA Architect: Henry N. Cobb Height : 240.8m Floor Area: 2059997 sq ft Floors : 60 Case study Load path of join

37. TUBULAR SYSTEMS Tubular systems are so efficient that in most cases the amount of structural material used per square foot of floor space is comparable to that of used in conventionally framed buildings half the size . The outer tube carries 100% of the lateral loads, and 75 to 90% of the gravity loads. Subdivision of tube: Tube in Tube Bundle tube Framed tube Lattice trussed tube Tube with Parallel Shear Walls Modified Tube Modular tube Column-diagonal trussed tube

38. Tube in Tube improved by using the core not only for gravity loads but to resist lateral loads. exterior and interior tubes together, and they respond as a unit to lateral forces . tube system to wind is similar to that of a frame exterior tube is much stiffer than a rigid frame.

39. DG bank-headquarters Location: Frankfurt, Germany Architect :Kohn , Pedersen, Fox & Associates Completion:1993 Height :201 m (660 ft ) Use: Services , office Case study

40. Bundled tube The concept allows for wider column spacing in the tubular walls interior frame lines without seriously compromising interior space planning . The ability to modulate the cells vertically can create a powerful vocabulary for a variety of dynamic shapes. offers great latitude in architectural planning of at all building.

41. Case study Sears tower, Chicago, USA Architect:Bruce Graham of SOM Skidmore,Owings &Merrill Completion:1974 Height :443 m (1454 ft ) Use :Office , observation deck

42. Framed Tube earliest application of the tubular concept exterior walls of the building, consisting of a closely connected together resist lateral loads through cantilever tube action without using interior bracing . The interior columns are assumed to carry gravity loads. Rigidly forces to the perimeter walls. Case study Aon centre, Chicago Architect : Edward Durrell Stone Height :346.3 m (1136 ft ) Floor area: 3599,968 sq ft Structural System: framed tube

43. closely spaced diagonals with no vertical columns . The diagonals act as inclined columns, carry all gravity loads, and stiffen the structure against wind . The diagonals tied together by horizontal beams. Lattice Trussed Tube Case study Westhafen Tower, Germany Architect : Rem cool hass Height :300 m Floor area: 3567,975 sq ft Structural System:Lattice trussed tube

44. S tiffened by incorporating interior shear walls into the plan. One can visualize the exterior tube walls as the flanges of a huge built-up beam system shear walls represent the webs. stresses in the exterior tube walls are primarily axial, since shear lag is minimized. Tube with Parallel Shear Walls One First National Plaza

45. M ost efficient in round and nearly square buildings. Buildings deviating from these forms present special structural considerations when tubular action is desired Modified Tube

46. The latest development in tubular design. The exterior framed tube is stiffened by interior cross diaphragmsin The interior diaphragms act as webs of a huge cantilever beam in resisting shear forces, they contribute strength against bending. Modular Tube

47. Column-diagonal trussed tube flexibility of its spandrel beams . Its rigidity is greatly improved by adding diagonal members. The shear is now primarily absorbed by the diagonals, not by the spandrels . The diagonals carry the lateral forces directly in predominantly axial action . This reduction of shear lag provides for nearly pure cantilever behaviour . Column- diagonal Trussed Load distribution

48. 8. Core and Outtrigger system Outrigger serve to reduce the overturning moment in the core that would otherwise act as a pure cantilever . economical 120 stories reduce the critical connection Time-consuming and costly Expensive and intensive field work connection reduction of the base core over-turning moments and the associated reduction in the potential core uplift forces . Their potential interference with occupiable and rentable space. Materials: steel,concrete or composite construction.

49. Case study Petronas twin towers Architect: cesar pelli & associates Height:240m Completion:1970

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51. 9 . Hybrid structure Combination of two or even more of basic structural forms This systems provide in-plane stiffness, its lack of Torsional stiffness requires Hybrid structures are likely to be the rule rather than the exception for future very tall buildings. Materials: Steel with concrete walls to stair & core.

52. Al Faisaliyah Center Location Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Architect:Foster & Partners Constructed:2000 Use: Commercial Materials: RCC & Steel Case study Trussed frame Core

53. Case study Overseas union bank center,Singapore Architect:Hentrich,Petschnigg & Partners Completion Use:Bank Height:319 m

54. Highrise Case study on Bangladesh context Bangladesh city centre Location:Motijhil,Dhaka Architect:Orion group Height:171 m Floor area:482413 sq ft Completion:2012

55. Bangladesh bank building Location:Motijhil,Dhaka Height:115m Completion:1985 Material:Reinforced concrete

56. Futuristic Architecture Nothing could be more stunning than the latest generation of skyscrapers,known as the supertalls.A tower has to be over 300 meters high to qualify as a We are intering the era of the “ megatall ”.This term is now officially being used by the council to describe buildings over 600 meters in height, or double the height of a supertall . Case study

57. A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was originally used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors but now describes one of at least 40–50 floors . Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a highrise , but the term "skyscraper" is often used for buildings higher than 50 m (164  ft ). For buildings above a height of 300 m (984  ft ), the term "supertall" can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969  ft ) are classified as " megatall ". Case study The rotating tower,Dubai Architect:David Fisher Height:720 m

58. Skyscrapers,high -rise & long bridges are susceptible to resonance created by high winds and seismic activity . buildings and bridges can be shaken to the ground, as is witnessed anytime an earthquake happens . Damping systems use friction to absorb some of the force from vibrations. The size of the dampers depend on the size of the building . Damper

59. There are three classifications for dampening systems: Passive: This is an uncontrolled damper, which requires no input power to operate. unable to adapt to changing needs. Active: Active dampers are force generators that actively push on the structure to counteract a disturbance. They are fully controllable and require a great deal of power Semi-Active : Combines features of passive and active damping. Rather than push on the structure they counteract motion with a controlled resistive force to reduce motion.

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