Histopathology Presentation for students and teachers to read and teach

Teaching purpose

3. INTRODUCTION TO HISTOLOGY
•HISTOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF TISSUES AND HOW THEY ORGANIZE TO FORM
ORGANS. BY EXAMINING THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE INTESTINES, WE CA N
GAIN INSIGHTS INTO THEIR FUNCTION AND HEALTH.

4. STRUCTURE OF INTESTIN
•THE INTESTINES CONSIST OF THE SMALL INTESTINE AND
THE LARGE INTESTINE.
•THE SMALL INTESTINE CONTAINS THREE LAYERS:
MUCOSA, SUBMUCOSA, AND MUSCULARIS.
•
•THE LARGE INTESTINE HAS A SIMILAR STRUCTURE WITH
ADDITIONAL FEATURES LIKE HAUSTRAAND TAENIAE
COLI.

6. LAYERS OF THE INTESTINAL WALL
•LAYER
•1: MUCOSA(EPITHELIUM,( LAMINA PROPRIA, MUSCULARIS
MUCOSAE)
•2: SUBMUCOSA(CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS,
SUBMUCOSALPLEXUS)
•3: MUSCULARIS(SMOOTH MUSCLE, MYENTERICPLEXUS)

7. COMMON HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
1 : HEMATOXYLINAND EOSIN STAINING
THE MOST WIDELY USED STAINING TECHNIQUE FOR
HISTOLOGY SLIDES. HEMATOXYLINSTAINS NUCLEI BLUE,
WHILE EOSIN STAINS CYTOPLASM PINK.

8. 2: IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
USES ANTIBODIES TO DETECT SPECIFIC PROTEINS IN
TISSUE SAMPLES. HELPFUL FOR IDENTIFYING CELLULAR
MARKERS AND CHARACTERIZING DISEASE MARKERS.

9. 3: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
PROVIDES HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGES OF CELLULAR
STRUCTURES. ENABLES THE STUDY OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL
DETAILS NOT VISIBLE WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPY.

10. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF INTESTINAL
HISTOLOGY
INTESTINAL BIOPSY
BIOPSY PROCEDURES ALLOW US TO OBTAIN SMALL TISSUE
SAMPLES FROM THE INTESTINES FOR DETAILED
EXAMINATION UNDER A MICROSCOPE.

11. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF INTESTINAL
HISTOLOGY
ENDOSCOPY
ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES INVOLVE INSERTING A FLEXIBLE
TUBE WITH A LIGHT AND CAMERA INTO THE INTESTINES
TO VISUALIZE THE TISSUE DIRECTLY.

12. INTESTINAL SAMPLE COLLECTION
1.PREPARATION
•THE PATIENT FASTS OVERNIGHT AND IS GIVEN A
LAXATIVE TO CLEAN THE BOWEL.

13. •2:ENDOSCOPYA
•THIN AND FLEXIBLE TUBE WITH A CAMERA IS INSERTED INTO THE INTEST INE TO
VISUALIZE AND SELECT THE SAMPLING SITE.
•3 : BIOPSY
•A SMALL TISSUE SAMPLE IS TAKEN USING SPECIALIZED FORCEPS.
•4: FIXATION & STAINING
•THE SAMPLE IS PRESERVED IN FORMALDEHYDE, EMBEDDED IN PARAFFIN, S LICED,
STAINED, AND OBSERVED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.

14. HISTOLOGY OF APPENDIX
THE APPENDIX, A SMALL FINGER-LIKE POUCH LOCATED IN
THE LOWER RIGHT ABDOMEN, IS OFTEN OVERLOOKED BUT
PLAYS A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

16. INTRODUCTION TO THE APPENDIX
THE APPENDIX IS A SMALL, TUBE-LIKE ORGAN ATTACHED
TO THE BEGINNING OF THE LARGE INTESTINE. WHILE ITS
EXACT FUNCTION REMAINS A SUBJECT OF DEBATE, IT IS
BELIEVED TO HAVE A ROLE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND
GUT HEALTH.

17. ANATOMY OF THE APPENDIX
•THE APPENDIX IS A NARROW TUBE, TYPICALLY MEASURING 5 -10
CENTIMETERS IN LENGTH, WITH A BLIND END CALLED THE TIP OR
APEX. IT IS SITUATED IN THE LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT OF THE
ABDOMEN, NEAR THE JUNCTION OF THE CECUM AND THE ILEUM.

18. FUNCTIONS OF THE APPENDIX
•IMMUNE FUNCTION
•
•THE APPENDIX CONTAINS A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF LYMPHOID
TISSUE, CONTRIBUTING TO IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE AND
RESPONSE.

19. •MICROBIOTA HOUSE
•RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT THE APPENDIX MAY SERVE AS A
RESERVOIR FOR BENEFICIAL GUT BACTERIA, AIDING IN
RECOLONIZATION AFTER INTESTINAL DISTURBANCES.
•DEVELOPMENTAL ROLE
•ALTHOUGH NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD, THE APPENDIX IS THOUGHT
TO HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IN DIGESTION IN OUR ANCIENT
ANCESTORS.

20. PROCEDURE
APPENDECTOMY
THE STANDARD TREATMENT FOR APPENDICITIS IS THE SURGICAL
REMOVAL OF THE INFLAMED APPENDIX, CALLED AN
APPENDECTOMY, EITHER THROUGH OPEN OR LAPAROSCOPIC
PROCEDURES

21. •ANESTHESIA
•
•GENERAL ANESTHESIA IS ADMINISTERED TO ENSURE
THE PATIENT’S COMFORT AND TO PREVENT PAIN
DURING THE SURGERY.

22. •APPENDIX REMOVAL
•
•THROUGH A SMALL INCISION OR A SERIES OF SMALL
INCISIONS, THE SURGEON CAREFULLY REMOVES THE
APPENDIX, ENSURING MINIMAL DAMAGE TO
SURROUNDING TISSUES.

23. HOW WE TAKE SAMPLE?
•DURING AN APPENDECTOMY, IF NECESSARY, A SMALL
SAMPLE OF TISSUE FROM THE APPENDIX MAY BE TAKEN
FOR FURTHER EXAMINATION. THIS BIOPSY HELPS IN
DIAGNOSING UNDERLYING CONDITIONS AND RULING OUT
OTHER POTENTIAL CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION.