Historical-context-of-the-creation-of-Pakistan (3).pptx

The period from 1857 to 1905 laid the foundational groundwork for the eventual creation of Pakistan. The War of Independence in 1857 marked the collapse of Muslim political dominance in the Indian subcontinent, leading to the end of Mughal rule and the establishment of direct British colonial control. In the aftermath, Muslims faced political marginalization, economic deprivation, and educational backwardness. The British associated Muslims with rebellion, resulting in distrust and exclusion from government positions and modern education.

However, visionary Muslim leaders such as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan emerged to address these challenges. Through the Aligarh Movement, he emphasized modern education, loyalty to the British, and socio-political reform as means of Muslim revival. His efforts not only promoted intellectual awakening but also cultivated a distinct Muslim identity separate from the Hindu majority. This growing consciousness set the stage for the demand for Muslim political representation, which later evolved into the struggle for a separate homeland.

1. Historical context of the creation of Pakistan 1942-1947

2. Cripps Mission Delegation under chairmanship of Sir Stafford Cripps Cripps Mission reached India to hold talks with Indian leaders Talks were not held as expected

3. Cont. Cripps Mission submitted its own suggestion for constitutional reforms Formation of Constituent Assembly to frame Constitution Provincial Autonomy Agreement between British government and Constituent Assembly for transfer of power Government of India act in force Commander-in-chief and Finance Minister (British National) Defense control under British government.

4. Cont. Suggestions to be accepted unanimously (Congress and Muslim League) Suggestions to accepted or rejected as a whole No amendments

5. Cont. Congress reaction: Rejected Cripps proposal Transfer of power to them only Muslim League Reaction: Rejected this proposal Did not concede Pakistan unequivocally

6. Quit India Movement Congress Agitation Wanted to hold power in India at all cost Pressed British to quit India 8th August 1942: Tried to gain independence from British Quaid-e-Azam declared it as anti-Muslim action Conspiracy to establish Hindu Raj Divide India and go.

7. Consequences Government took stern action against this movement Movement failed badly Main leaders of this movement got arrested Gandhi was jailed

8. Shimla Conference 24th June 1945 Prominent leaders of Muslim League and Congress Viceroy proposed interim Central Government All portfolios given to Indians except war. Parity representation Deadlock over Muslim League’s demand Membership of Khizar Hayat Tiwana

9. General Elections WW-II ended Labour party returned power Congress had close with Labour Party Labour Party in favor of United India 1945-1946: General election of Central and Provincial assemblies

10. Cont. Results: Muslim League won all Muslim seats in central assembly 446 out of 495 Proved Muslim League is sole representative party of Muslims of India Congress won in Hindu majority areas.

11. Cabinet Mission Plan 24 March 1946: Cabinet Mission: Lord Pathic Lawrence, Sir Stanford Cripps and Mr. A.V Alexander. Mission held negotiations with the top leaders Prominent leadership Congress and Muslim League

12. Cont. Demands: Congress: Single constituent Assembly. Muslim League: Two separate constitution making bodies Deadlock between Congress and Muslim league May 1946: Cabinet Mission gave its own solution

13. Cont. Preservation of single federal system Rejected idea of two independent sovereign states on Economic Administrative And military grounds Constitutional Plan: Single Union: deal with Foreign affairs, defense and communication

14. Cont Three Groups: Group A: Six Hindu Majority Provinces Group B: Punjab, KPK, Sindh and Baluchistan. Group C: Bengal and Assam Residuary powers vested in provinces State would retain all powers other than those ceded to them

15. Cont. Legislators of provincial assemblies will select members for central constituent assembly. These members will formulate constitution for whole country 3 Provincial groups will make their own constitution afterwards Interim government will be made until the formulation of constitution Party who will accept this proposal will be able to take part in interim government

16. Cont. Results: Muslim league agreed Congress also agreed to this plan British government failed to fulfill its promise

17. Formation of Interim Government Congress refused to accept Muslim League in Interim government Objected on giving equal seats to Muslim League Distribution of seats: 5 seats to Hindus 5 seats to Muslims 1 Sikh 1 Christian

18. Cont. Congress refused to accept this distribution of seats Viceroy declared to run interim government even if any party refuse to join it Secret agreement between Gandhi, Patel and Cabinet Mission Asked Congress to step back Muslim League tried to join but Viceroy did not approve Muslim League was betrayed

19. Cont. Congress rejoined Cabinet Mission Plan Viceroy again asked Muslim League to join Muslim League did not want to leave the political ground empty Transfer of Power: Parliament of India would be free by 20th February 1948 Lord Mountbatten, Viceroy of India. Came with mission of peaceful transfer of power

20. Cont. Faced several challenges regarding peaceful transfer of power Muslim league was not ready to accept anything other than partition Congress demanded power to Hindu dominated Constituent Assembly

21. 3rd June Plan Worked out partition plan by April 1947 May 1, 1947: Working Committee of Congress gave acceptance to partition Muslim League also gave its approval Mountbatten went to England for approval Plan was issued on 3rd June, 1947.

22. Characteristics of a Plan Legislature of Punjab and Bengal to decide whether provinces should be divided or not Indians will make constitution of India Referendum in KPK Baluchistan to decide its future States shall be free to choose India or Pakistan Boundary Commission to demarcate boundaries of India and Pakistan Both countries will have their own Governor Generals for both countries

23. Cont. Asset division Radcliffe Award Punjab and Bengal agreed for partition Boundary commission was set up Boundary commission consist of equal representatives of both countries Biased distribution of boundaries Calcutta under India Controversial division of Punjab

24. Independence Act of 1947 July 4, 1947 Viceroy announced partition plan on radio End of British rule on India on 15 August 1947. Princely states were free to join any country Or to form independent legislature, constitution and other administrative department. Both countries will have Government of India Act until they form new constitution

25. Cont. British Parliament approved Independence Act on 14 July,1947 Transfer of Power Lord Mountbatten keen desire to become joint Governor General of India and Pakistan Congress also supported this idea Mountbatten had soft corner for the Congress and Nehru family Congress desired to extract maximum benefits from this

26. Cont. Quaid e Azam rejected this plan Muslim League also rejected this plan Quaid-e-Azam became first Governor General of Pakistan