History of landscape India

comparitive Analysis of Mughal, Japanese, English gardens In India.

1. C omparative A nalysis

2. Physical Location Climate Terrain Chinese China North East – Composite Freezing Cold Winter North & Central – Warm & Humid Varied Landscape with Mountains & Valleys, Rich Alluvial Soil, High Flood-Prone Regions Japanese Japan Mostly Humid Climate Surrounded By Sea, Varied Landscape, Plenteous Rivers Broad & Short with Rock Bed, Rich Soil, No Permanent Grass Mughal India – Delhi, Agra, Kashmir Tropical Climate-Intense Heat From March to June & Monsoon From June to September Flat at Delhi / Agra, Dry Hot Air & Less Vegetation Hilly Area Slopping Sites At Kashmir, Spring, Snow Melted Water Source & Thick Carnivorous Vegetation Persian Iran (Central) Semi Arid, Hot & Dry Semi-Desert & Desert Lowland Zones near to Vast Deserts of Iran

3. Physical Elements Location Climate Terrain Spanish Spain-Andalusia Mediterranean / Arid Hot Summer Valley, Hilly snowclad Mountains, Vegetative coastal belt Italian Italy Mediterranean Cool, Rainy Winters & Hot, Dry Summers Long Peninsula, Southern side of Alps, Large Plain of Po Valley & Island of Sicily & Sardinia French France Continental in Central / Eastern & Mediterranean in South-East Mostly Flat or Rolling Lawns in North & West; Mountainous in South& East English United Kingdom Temperate Low Hills & Plains in Central / Southern Part; Uplands in North

4. Design - Conceptual Period Socio - Political Philosophy Concept Chinese 600 BC- 1872 AD Humanity Daoism, Buddhism Confucianism Base-Landscape Paintings. Ying & Yang Japanese 600-1400 AD Division of Work Zen Buddhism, Taoism Meditation Mughal 1600-1800 AD Cosmopolitan Islamic Paradise Persian 600 BC- 1870 AD Humanity Zoroastrian / Islamic Division of the Universe into 4 Parts Spanish 705-1500 AD Wars Infested Islamic, Christian Intrinsic Italian 1300-1600 AD Renaissance Metaphysics Balance with Nature French 1400-1700 AD Monarchy French Classicism Champs-Élysées English 1600-1800 AD Industrial Revolution Romanticism S pirit , C ulture , H uman V alues & Wealth

5. Design -Spatial Site Siting Spatial Organisation Function Chinese Closed Zones & Distant Views Mountains, Rivers, Plains Series of Scenes Rejuvenation / Meditation Japanese Small Zones & Multiple Settings Mountains, Rivers, Plains Miniature Natural Scenes Meditation Mughal Distinct Equal Zones Plains / Stepped Terraces Axial Views Pleasure Persian Charbagh Deserts & Plains, Terraces Axial Views Rejuvenation / Pleasure Spanish Small Zones -Multiple Courts Mountains, Plains Multi Axial Views Recreation Italian Scenic View Stepped Terraces Architectural View Celebration French Diff. Zones - Artistic Expression Agricultural Lands Axial Views Grandeur English Landscape Gardening Countryside Natural Views Habitat Landscape

6. Compose Architecture Landscape Character Expression Chinese Pagoda, Symmetrical Spaces & Axial Layout Natural Setting, Organic, Derived from Nature Naturalistic, Asymmetrical Japanese Blended Seamlessly with Outdoors Miniaturized Replicas of Natural Elements Kinesthetic Experience Mughal Symmetrical, Strong Axial Layout Charbagh - Independent, Formal, Symmetrical Highly Organized Persian Persian / Islamic Architecture Sacred Geometry, Water Most Imp. Element, Tall Trees, Entrance Pavilion Symbolic Representation Spanish Non-Axial Layout Blended with Architecture Introvert Italian Italian Renaissance Formal, Renaissance Order & Beauty French French Baroque Expansive Vistas, Composed as Paintings Splendour English English Baroque Massive Scale gardens with Eye-Catchers Naturalistic, Extrovert

7. Design -Elemental Scale Elements Chinese Humane Lake, Ponds, Rocks, Low Height vegetation Foreground & High Peripheral Vegetation Japanese Intimate Vegetation, Water Bodies, Pavilions, Pathways, Bridges, Stone Lanterns & Sand, Rock Mughal Monumental Water Channels, Fountains, Chaddar, Baradari, Chabutara, Low Height Central vegetation & High Peripheral Vegetation Persian Intimate Thick Walls, Water Channels, Fountains, Vegetation Spanish Intimate Water Channels, Fountains, Vegetation, Orangery Italian Monumental Terraces, Vegetation, Grottoes, Sculptures, Topiary, Water Bodies French Monumental Hedges, Fountains, Parterre, Sculptures, Groves, Walkways, Variety of Flowers, Garden Furniture English Monumental Lakes/Ponds, Bridges, Rolling Lawns, Tree Groves, Topiary, Sculptures, Grottoes, Pavilions, Gazebos, Pergolas

8. C haracteristics

9. C hinese S han - S hui

10. Follows the Pattern of Scrolls of Chinese Landscape Paintings Spiritual, Symbolic & Religious Associations more Important than Aesthetics & Functions Rocks / Mountains (Shan), Water (Shui) came First, then Architecture, Trees & Flowers Garden Microcosm - not merely a Reproduction of Mature in Miniature Living Art Form & Draws on the Ways of Thought Confucianism, Daoism & Buddhism Simple Rock Garden to Miniature Mountains - Central Unit of Landscape Enclosed by White Walls with Circular Entry (Symbolic Universe) Gateway to Heaven Series of Carefully Composed Small Scenes - Concealment & Surprise Mountain Peaks Symbolize Virtue & Stability - Connecting Heaven (yin) & Earth (yang) Dry Stones were also Often Laid to Represent Dried up River Beds Rocks - Shape, Texture, Substance, Colour & Softness – Limestone Most Valued Intrinsically Natural - held a Romantic Mysticism Gardens usually Arranged Deliberately for Borrowed Scenery

11. But Eventually have a Muted Green Colour which Depicts the Movement Within Still & Static to Reflect the Rocks, Architecture & Trees Three Friends of Winter – Bamboo, Pine Tree & Plum Blossom - Wisdom, Friendship, Respectability & Strength through Adversity Ponds / Lakes Usually Situated in the Center of the Garden Water Symbolizes an Expression of Universal Life; Complementing Rock / Mountains Flowers & Trees also Contrast with Sharp, Harsh Architectural Lines Plants are Chosen Carefully, Dependent on their Texture, Shape, Colour & Fragrance Ceremony Hall, Principal Pavilion, Pavilion of Flowers, Lotus Pavilion, Galleries Pavilion with Movable Walls, Pavilion of Mandarin Ducks, Two-story Towers Kiosks (Autumn Foliage), Temples, Galleries, Bridges & Winding Pathways Lotus, Orchid & Chrysanthemum – Purity, Nobleness & Autumn

12. The Summer Palace, Beijing  The Humble Administrator's Garden, Suzhou The Blue Wave Pavilion, Suzhou

13. J apanese R andosukēpu

14. Miniaturized Natural Forms & Elements – Small Courtyard Gardens to Palace Gardens Shapes Evolved in Conjunction with Garden Design Asymmetrical Gardens Possessing Natural Rhythms Evolution – Concepts & Types of Gardens in Diff. Periods – But Spiritually Connected Strongly Influenced by Chinese Landscape – Philosophy & Design Ishidoro -Stone Lantern, Arched Shaped Bridge, Pavement, Pathway & Garden Fence Trees, Moss, Flowers & Small Plants - Cherry, Maple, Ginkgo Trees & Sakura Blossoms Thick, Low Ht. Drooping, Green Dominated Trees at Periphery – Mystic Endless Effect Tsukubai-Stone Basin, Tobi- ishi -Stepping Stones & Kakei -Bamboo Pipe River, Sea (Quartzite sand Bed / Gravel), Water Fall, Stream (Water) & Pond-Koi Fish Group of Rocks - Mountains , Mounds & Hills & Turtle Island, Crane Island Temple, Buddhist hall, Pavilions & Tea ceremony house, Nakakuguri -Middle Gate

15. Kaiyu -Shiki- Teien - Strolling Gardens -A Path which is Made Only for a (Clockwise) Leisurely Stroll with Central Small Lake; 2 Elements: Boulders & Trees Cha- Niwa / Roji- Niwa - Tea Gardens - Categorized into 2 Sections Inner & Outer Garden Separated by Covered Gate; Custom to Wash Hands Before Entering into Inner Garden Tsukiyama - Hill & Pond Garden - R efers to the creation of artificial Hills; A Miniature of natural scenery; Enjoyed while Strolling along Paths & from Temple’s Veranda Karesansui – Rock / Dry / Zen Garden - Sand / Gravel is used to Represent River / Sea & Boulders as Island with Shrubs nearby; Meditation Gallery on One Side. Shinden - Paradise / Pure Land Garden - 1 st Introduced by Devotees of Amida Sect & Buddhist Monks; Imitates the Buddha Sitting on Island in the Middle of a Lotus Pond Tsubo-Niwa - courtyard garden - Introduced in Heian period, Developed in Edo period; Zen + Hill + Tea garden Elements-Not Functional but Ornamental; Simple Arrangement Chisen Shoyu-Teien - Pond Garden - Main Elements are Large Formal Pavilion with 2 Wings & a Large Lake / Pond in Front

16. Tea Garden-Kotoin Temple, Kyoto Karesansui Dry Garden- Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto Hill and Pond Garden- Ginkaku - ji , Kyoto Paradise Garden,-Byodoin Temple, Uji in Kyoto Pure Land Garden-Motsuji Temple, Hiraizumi  Stroll Garden- Korakuen Garden, Osaka Tsuboniwa -Merchant House, Naramachi

17. P ersian L andscape

18. Paridaiza - Pardis - Walled Garden - Paradise Rooted in – 4 Parts – 4 Seasons - 4 Sacred Elements of Water, Wind, Fire & Soil Interaction between Human & Nature & Creating Various Ranges of Functions Inspired by the Geometrical Motifs of Mesopotamia & Sindh Valley Civilizations Sacred Geometry – Union of 2 Worlds of Matter & Meaning Water Axes Defining Charbagh - Main Leads User from Entrance Gateway to Pavilion Picturesque Evergreen & Deciduous Trees, Cypress/Almond - Immortality/Regeneration Wide Application of Thick Brick Walls Surround the Entire Rectangular Plan Each Plot usually with Specific Fruitful Plant such as Apricot, Peach, Apple Ponds & Pools to supply the Water (Irrigation) & Highlight the Scenic Landscape View Intersecting Streams / Channels & Pathways, Large & Small Pools - Located on Axes Beautiful Geometries & Shapes - manifest Diff. Design Elements - Specific Symbol Islamic Period - Reinforced by Belief of 4 Heavenly Streams – Heaven in Quran

19. Location of Pavilions – Usually on 1/3 rd of Longitudinal Axis, Sometimes in Centre Focal Point - Pavilion known as Kooshk (Persian), Placed at Intersection of Primary Axis Front space of Pavilion dedicated to Large Pool to Reflect Image of the Building & Sky Narrow Pathway with Tall Trees, E lm & Sycamore - Defining Path - Entrance to Pavilion Concept of Introversion - Defined Point of Entrance - Beautifully Framed Pavilion Water Channels – Rivers from Heaven From Entry into an Octagonal Space - ‘ Hashti ’ & then the Main Axis & the Pavilion Hierarchy - A Completely Public Area to Semi-Public Area & then to the Private Charbagh - Cosmos Terraces – Cosmic Mountains Pool – Cosmic Ocean Trees / Flowers / Animals – Complementing to Eternal Universe

20. Chehel Sotun Garden, Esfahan Fin Garden, Kashan Chehel-Sotun Garden Shahzadeh -Mahan Garden. Kerman

21. M oorish L andscape

22. Protection & Relief from External Environment Axially Planned Individual Pocket Patio Gardens - Humane in Scale, Proportionate, Varying in Size Indoor Gardens - Palaces with Pockets / Zones of Geometric Forms Varying Urban Silhouette Use of Colourful Tile Facades to Emulate Flower Colours Well Planned Softscape with Mature Trees - Shelter from Intense Sun High Walled Cozy Gardens Shaded Paths – Geometric, Local Materials, Surrounding Shrubs / Hedge Pockets Planned Edibles (Orangery) Closed to Living Areas – Aesthetics, Scent & Taste Foliage of Plants have Needles or is Finely Textured - Conserving Moisture Absence of Repetition & Overall Balance

23. Use of Local Stones for Hardscape Water Channels Running Through Courts Extensive use of Hardscape in Gardens Central Canal, Dribbling Fountains, Shallow Spreaded Ponds Use of Flowing Water Bodies – Evaporative Cooling As Extension of Indoor Spaces

24. Jardín del Alcázar de Jerez Jardín del  Generalife  de Granada Patio De Los Naranjos , Cordoba Alhambra, Granada 

25. M ughal L andscape

26. Concept of Char Bagh Planning – Distinct Zones Garden Divided in 4 major Squares, Each Subsequently Divided in 4 Regular Squares Strong Central Axis with Minor Transverse Axis Exploiting Terrain through Terraces Monotony Smooth, Trimmed Carpet of Grass Lawns Stone Paved Pathways Geometric Ornamentation with Hedges & Flowering Plants Incorporation of Geometric Symbols within Gardens Highly Repetitive Pattern on the Garden Floor Large Gateways & High Walls for Security (Weather / People) Rectilinear Layouts within Walled Enclosures

27. Stone Chaddar, Scalloped to Break Water Surface – Sparkles Central Shallow Channel Throughout the Length Chabutara (Viewing Platform) Placed Over Water Bodies Baradari (Emperor Pavilion) Placed Near Water Bodies Use of Pools, Fountain & Canals – Evaporative Cooling Unified Garden with the Structure Strong Focal Point Created with Structure –Tomb / Palace / Pavilion Palace Gardens Tomb Gardens Plain Gardens Terrace Gardens (May Not Have Any Pavilion)

28. Nishat Garden Humayun’s Tomb Garden Shalimar Bagh Presidential Garden Taj Mahal Garden Brindavan Garden

29. I talian L andscape

30. Use of Historical Themes Orderly – Geometric - Symmetric Incorporation of Grottoes, Statues & Water Features Inspired by Classical method of Order & Beauty Renaissance Style of Garden Contrast of Sun & Shade used with Shady Pathways Parterres & Geometric Patterned Beds Formal Intersecting Lines Terraced Gardens with Mature Trees & Dense, Tall Background More Evergreen Trees & Less Flowers Manicured into Geometric Hedges & Topiary Promenade with Wide & Raised Pathway Flanked by Formally Clipped Edges Became Grander with Time

31. Hideaway with Vine-Draped Pergola or Tucked-away Bench Grottoes – Artificial Caves Filled with Sculptures & Furnishings Incorporation of Grottoes, Statues & Water Features Sculpturous Water Spouts Ornate Stone Fountain, Bubbling Fountains, Pools, Cascades Lemon Trees Potted in Stone Urns Sculptures (1 st Time as Landscape Element) of Gods & Heroes

32. The Cortile del Belvedere in the Vatican Palace, Rome The Palazzo Piccolomini at Pienza, Tuscany Villa di Castello , Tuscany Villa d'Este at Tivoli The Medici Villa at Fiesole Villa della Torre Sacro Bosco at Bomarzo, Lazio

33. F rench G ardens

34. Palaces, Mansions with Large Paths Centre Point with Axial View Axial, Geometric Planning Water - Most Integral Element Composition - Form of a Painting Roots are deeply Embedded in Italian Renaissance Reflecting Pools in Circular, Oval & Rectangular Shape Parterres with Intricate Patterns of Hedged Shrubs / Planting Straight Lined Geometric Shapes, Neatly Trimmed Shrubs Types of Tree Groves & Trellises, Orangery Largee Walkways Connecting Parterres & Founatins Gravel for Paths / Paving & Monochromatic Colour Scheme Large, Different Theme Fountains

35. Folly - Buildings Decoration, Beyond Typical Garden Sculptures Terraces - Located from where Entire Garden can be Viewed Use of Stuccoc Walls, Stone Works & Lavender Sculptures, Antiques, Birdbaths & Cast Iron Wood Planters Cast Iron Furniture as Landscape Elements

36. Gardens of Versailles Vaux-le- Vicomte

37. E nglish L andscape

38. Filled with Eye-Catchers Romantic Elements Symmetry of Colours Gently Rolling Ground & Water Wooden Arbours, Pergolas, Gazebos Formal Planters, Raised Ornamental Stone Pots With Bright Coloured Flowers Grottos - Hideouts Build to Resemble a Natural Cave Sculptures - Strategecally Placed to Provide Views Tea Pavalions & Sham Ruins Influenced by Chinese Landscape Gardens

39. Ponds with Bridges, Polygonal Pavalions Still Ponds Reflecting Surrounding Landscape Lakes - Meandering & Irregular Edges Man Made Lakes Appears to be Natural Woodland Background With Clumps of Trees & Outlier Groves Rolling Lawns - Surprises Around Mounds, Niches Tree Groves Spread Throughout Garden Strong Lines of Pathways Pathways Closed to Water Edges

40. Stowe House Rousham House Stourhead Chiswick House Bowood , Wiltshire Chatsworth, Derbyshire Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire Petworth , West Sussex William Kent & Charles Bridgeman  Lancelot "Capability" Brown

41. To be ..........