history of Pharmacology-1.pptx .

Unit 1

1. Introduction to Pharmacology Presented by- Ms. Dipika S. Pawar Assistant Professor Gahlot Institute of Pharmacy, Koparkhairane , Navi Mumbai

2. Introduction 1.Pharmacology: Definition: "Pharmacology" can be defined as the study of interactions between drug and biological system. It can be defined as the science of drugs or study of drug. The word "pharmacology " derived from Greek word. Pharmacon — Drug Logos — studied Which means pharmacology is the study of drug and their action of living body. It includes the knowledge of history source, biochemistry and physiological effects, mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of drug.

3. "Branch of pharmacology" I. Pharmacokinetics:— What body does to the drug. In this the study of the action of drugs on target organ. It deals with the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion of drugs. 2. Pharmacodynamics: — What drugs dose the body. It deals with the mechanism of action and pharmacological effect of drug .

4. Historical landmarks: The knowledge of drugs and their uses for disease are old as history of mankind. Primitive man (Ancient) gather the knowledge of healing and medicines by observing the nature, noticing the animals while ill and personal experience after consuming plants and herbs as remidies . They discovered that extracts from plants, animals and minerals had medicinal had medicinal effects on body tissue .

5. India's earliest pharmacological writings are from the 'Vedas ' like Rigveda (3000 BC) . Indians practiced vaccination as early as 550 BC. ' Pen Tsao ' the Chinese materia medica in 1700 BC, cont a ine d class i fication of medicinal plant and some preparations of plants, metals and animals. The Egypt i an med i cal papyri (1600 BC) described several preparations. The largest of them, Ebers Papyrus lists some 800 preparations. H i pp oc rat e s (4 6 - 3 77 BC), a Greek physician, studied the cause of disease. Gal e n (1 3 - 2 01 BC) , also a Greek physician, described that diseases are due to an imbalance of flu1ds- blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bil e . In the later part of the . 19th century, Oswald Schmiedeberg , regarded as the 'father of ph ar m acology' .

6. The latter task was accomplished largely by Rudolf Bucheim’s pupil and successor at Dorpat, Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921), undoubtedly the most prominent pharmacologist of the nineteenth century (Fig. 1.1). In addition to conducting his own outstanding research on the pharmacology of diuretics, emetics, cardiac glycosides, and so forth, Schmiedeberg wrote an important medical text book and trained approximately 120 pupils from more than 20 countries. Many of these new investigators either started or developed laboratories devoted to experimental pharmacology in their own countries. One of Schmiedeberg’s most outstanding students was John Jacob Abel , who has been called the founder of American pharmacology (Fig 1.1). Abel occupied the chair of pharmacology first at the University of Michigan and then at Johns Hopkins University. In addition, Abel founded the Journal of Experimental Medicine, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, and the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. His devotion to pharmacological research, his enthusiasm for the training of students in this new discipline, and his establishment of journals and scientific societies proved critical to the rise of experimental pharmacology in the United States.

7. The idea Claudius Galen (129–200 A.D.) first at tempted to consider the theoretical background of pharmacology. Both theory and practical experience were to contribute equally to the rational use of medicines through interpretation of observed and experienced results. “ The empiricists say that all is found by experience and observations. We, however, maintain that it is found in part by experience, in part by theory. Neither experience nor theory alone is apt to discover all.” Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology

8. The impetus Theophrastus von Hohenheim ( 1493-1541 A.D.), called Paracelsus, began to question doctrines handed down from antiquity, demanding knowledge of the active ingredient(s) in prescribed remedies , while rejecting the irrational concoctions and mixtures of medieval medicine. He prescribed chemically defined substances with such success that professional enemies had him prosecuted as a poisoner. Against such accusations, he defended himself with the thesis that has become an axiom of pharmacology : “ If you want to explain any poison properly , what then isn‘t a poison? All things are poison, nothing is without poison; the dose alone causes a thing not to be poison .” Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology

9. Early beginnings Johann Jakob Wepfer (1620–1695) was the first to verify by animal experimentation assertions about pharmacological or toxicological actions . “ I pondered at length. Finally I resolved to clarify the matter by experiments.” Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology

10. Foundation Rudolf Buchheim (1820–1879) founded the first institute of pharmacolog y at the University of Dorpat (Tartu, Estonia) in 1847, ushering in pharmacology as an independent scientific discipline. In addition to a description of effects, he strove to explain the chemical properties of drugs . “The science of medicines is a theoretical, i.e., explanatory, one. It is to provide us with knowledge by which our judgement about the utility of medicines can be validated at the bedside” Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology

11. Consolidation – General Recognition Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921), Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology

12. Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology Status Quo After 1920, pharmacological laboratories sprang up in the pharmaceutical industry , outside established university institutes. After 1960, departments of clinical pharmacology were set up at many universities and in industry .

13. Historical landmarks/history of pharmacology RAM NATH CHOPRA (1882-1973) – A VISSIONARY IN PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE* Brevet Colonel Sir Ram Nath Chopra (1882-1973) is remembered as the parent of pharmacology . The major fields of his interest remained the general pharmacology, chemotherapy, indigenous drugs, drug addiction and drug assays . Chopra joined the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine in 1921 as the first professor of pharmacology . Professor Chopra was the first to establish a centre of study and research in pharmacology in India, at the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. The books by Chopra and associates entitled Indigenous Drugs of India, Glossary of Medicinal Plants of India, and Poisonous Plants of India became the most enduring and popular encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants.