History of Sweden

History of Sweden

2. Old map showing
Sweden during the
period of Great
Power 1648–1721.
The HomannMap of
Scandinavia,
Norway, Sweden,
Denmark, Finland,
Estonia and Livonia,
from 1730, by
Johann Baptist
Homann(1664–1724)

3. Viking
expeditions
(blue): depicting
the immense
breadth of their
voyages
throughout most
of Europe, North
Atlantic and
Mediterranean
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden#/media/File:Vikings-Voyages.png

4. Swedish tribes
in Northern
Europe in 814

5. Main Line railways built 1860–1930.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sweden#/media/File:Sweden_Main_Line_Railways.png
The first Swedish railroad for public transport using horse-drawn
carriages, the Frykstadsrailroad in Värmlandwas opened in 1849.
In 1853 the Riksdagof the Estates decided that the State would
build main line railways, but that other lines would be built by
private enterprises (often with cities as main owners), and in 1856
the first stretch, between Örebroand Nora (a private railroad), was
opened for traffic.
The main line railways were of major importance for the
development of the Swedish industry. The first two main line
railways were the Southern, stretching from Stockholm to Malmö
in the south, and the Western, to Gothenburg in the west. These
line railways were finished between 1860-1864

6. The Royal Swedish
Opera (1934)
Royal Swedish Opera (Swedish: Kungliga
Operan) is Sweden'snational stagefor opera and
ballet.
The opera company was founded by
King Gustav III
The old opera was demolished in 1892 to
give way to the construction of a new Opera

7. The history of Sweden starts when the Polar cap started
receding. The first traces of human visitation is from ca
12000 BC.
Written sources about Sweden before 1000 AD are rare
and short, usually written by outsiders, and not until the
14th century are there any longer historical texts produced
in Sweden. Swedish history, in contrast with pre-history, is
thus usually taken to start in the 11th century, when the
sources are common enough that they are possible to be
contrasted with each other.

8. The modern Swedish state was formed over a long period
of unification and consolidation. Historians have set
different standards for when it can be considered
complete (resulting in dates from the 6th to 16th century),
but a somewhat unified country, with power concentrated
to one monarchical dynasty and some common laws were
present from the second part of the second half of the
13th century.

9. At this time, Sweden consisted
of most of what is today the
southern part of the country
(except for Scania, Blekinge,
Hallandand Bohuslän), as well
as parts of what is modern
Finland. Over the following
centuries, Swedish influence
would expand into the North and
East, even if borders were often
ill-defined or nonexistent.

10. The Swedish Empire following
the Treaty of Roskilde of 1658.
Dark green: Sweden proper,
as represented in the Riksdag
of the Estates. Other greens:
Swedish dominions and
possessions

11. In the late 14th Century, Sweden was becoming
increasingly intertwined with Denmark and Norway,
eventually uniting in the Kalmar Union. During the
following century, a series of rebellions served to lessen
Sweden's ties to the union, sometime even leading to a
separate Swedish king being elected. The fighting reached
a climax following the Stockholm Bloodbath in 1520, a
mass execution of Swedish noblemen and burgers
orchestrated by Christian II of Denmark.

12. One of the few members of the most
powerful noble families not present,
Gustav Vasa, was able to raise a new
rebellion and eventually was crowned
King in 1523. His reign proved lasting,
and marked the end of Sweden's
participation in the union.
Gustav Vasa furthermore encouraged
Protestant preachers, finally breaking
with the papacy and establishing the
Lutheran Church in Sweden, seizing
Catholic Church property and wealth.

13. The Kalmar Union (Danish,
Norwegian, and Swedish:
Kalmarunionen; Latin: Unio
Calmariensis) was a personal union
in Scandinavia that from 1397 to
1523 joined under a single monarch
of the three kingdoms of Denmark,
Sweden (then including most of
Finland's populated areas), and
Norway, together with Norway's
overseas dependencies (then
including Iceland, Greenland, the
Faroe Islands, and the Northern
Isles). The union was not quite
continuous; there were several
short interruptions. Legally, the
countries remained separate
sovereign states, but with their
domestic and foreign policies being
directed by a common monarch.

14. During the 17th century, after winning wars against
Denmark-Norway, Russia, and the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, Sweden emerged as a great power by
taking direct control of the Baltic region. Sweden's role in
the Thirty Years' War determined the political as well as
the religious balance of power in Europe. The Swedish
state expanded enormously, into the modern Baltic states,
northern Germany, and several regions that, to this day,
are part of Sweden.

15. Before the end of the 17th Century, a secret alliance was
formed between Denmark-Norway, Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, and Russia against Sweden. This
coalition acted at the very start of the 18th Century as
Denmark-Norway and the Commonwealth launched
surprise attacks on Sweden. In 1721, Russia and its
allies won the war against Sweden. As a result, Russia
was able to annex the Swedish territories of Estonia,
Livonia, Ingria, and Karelia. This effectively put an end to
the Swedish Empire, and crippled her Baltic Sea Power.

16. Sweden joined in the Enlightenment culture of the day in the arts,
architecture, science and learning. Between 1570 and 1800,
Sweden experienced two periods of urban expansion. Finland was
lost to Russia in a war in 1808–1809.
In the early 19th century, Finland and the remaining territories
outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost. Sweden's last war
was the Swedish–Norwegian War (1814). Sweden was victorious
in this war which lead to the Danish king being forced to cede
Norway to Sweden. Norway was then after losing the war forced to
enter into a personal union with Sweden that lasted until 1905.
Since 1814, Sweden has been at peace, adopting a non-aligned
foreign policy in peacetime and neutrality in wartime.

17. During World War I, Sweden
remained neutral. Post-war
prosperity provided the
foundations for the social
welfare policies characteristic
of modern Sweden. During
World War II, Sweden once
again remained neutral,
avoiding the fate of occupied
Norway. Sweden was one of
the first non-participants of
World War II to join the United
Nations (in 1946).
King Gustaf V giving the Courtyard Speech
Sweden, following its long-standing policy of
neutrality since the Napoleonic Wars,
remained neutral throughout World War I
between 28 July 1914 and 11 November 1918

18. Apart from this, the country attempted to stay out of
alliances and remain officially neutral during the entire
Cold War; and did not join NATO. The social democratic
party held government for 44 years (1932–1976). The 1976
parliamentary elections brought a liberal/right-wing
coalition to power. During the Cold War, Sweden was
suspicious of the superpowers, recognizing that the
decisions made by them were affecting smaller countries
without always consulting those countries. With the end of
the Cold War, that suspicion has lessened somewhat,
although Sweden still chooses to remain nonaligned.

19. Viking Period and Middle Ages: 800 –1500
For centuries, the Swedes were merchant seamen well known for
their far-reaching trade. During the 11th and 12th centuries, Sweden
gradually became a unified Christian kingdom that later included
Finland. Until 1060, the kings of Uppsala ruled most of modern
Sweden except the southern and western coastal regions, which
remained under Danish rule until the 17th century. After a century of
civil wars, a new royal family emerged, which strengthened the
power of the crown at the expense of the nobility, while giving the
nobles privileges such as exemption from taxation in exchange for
military service. Sweden never had a fully developed feudal system,
and its peasants were never reduced to serfdom.

20. The Vikings from Sweden
mainly traveled east into
Russia, but also took part in
the raids of the west and
southern regions of Europe.
The large Russian mainland
and its many navigable
rivers offered good
prospects for merchandise
and, at times, plundering.
During the 9th century,
extensive Scandinavian
settlements began on the
east side of the Baltic Sea.

21. The conversion from Norse paganism to Christianity was a
complex, gradual, and at times violent (see Temple at Uppsala)
process. The main early source of religious influence was
England due to interactions between Scandinavians and Saxons
in the Danelaw, and Irish missionary monks. German influence
was less obvious in the beginning, despite an early missionary
attempt by Ansgar, but gradually emerged as the dominant
religious force in the area, especially after the Norman conquest
of England. Despite the close relations between Swedish and
Russian aristocracy (see also Rus'), there is no direct evidence of
Orthodox influence, which may be due to the language barrier.

22. Around the year 1000, Olof Skötkonungbecame the first
king known to rule over both Svealand and Götaland, but
the further history is obscure with kings whose periods of
regency and actual power is unclear. In the 12th century,
Sweden was still consolidating with the dynastic struggles
between the Erik and Sverker clans, which finally ended
when a third clan married into the Erik clan and founded
the Bjelbodynasty on the throne. This dynasty gradually
consolidated a pre-Kalmar-Union Sweden to a strong
state, and king Magnus IV also ruled over Norway and
Scania. Following the Black Death, this union was
severely weakened, and Scania was lost to Denmark.

34. A series of executions in Stockholm
between 7 and 9 November 1520. The
events were initiated directly after the
coronation of Christian II (who after the
bloodbath became known in Sweden as
Kristian Tyrann, 'Christian the Tyrant') as
the new king of Sweden, after the guests
on the crowning party were invited to a
meeting at the castle. Archbishop Gustav
Trolledemanding economic compensation
for things such as the demolition of
Almarestäket'sfortress led to the question
whether the former Swedish regent Sten
Sturethe Younger and his supporters had
been guilty of heresy.
The Stockholm blodbath1520

36. Charles XValso Carl (Carl
LudvigEugen); Swedish: Karl
XV and Norwegian: Karl IV (3
May 1826 –18 September 1872)
was King of Sweden (Charles
XV) and Norway (proclaimed as
Charles XV, but in recent times
referred to accurately as
Charles IV) from 1859 until his
death.

38. The Treaty of Roskilde was concluded on 26 February
(OS) or 8 March 1658 (NS) during the Second Northern
War between Frederick III of Denmark–Norway and
Charles X Gustav of Sweden in the Danish city of
Roskilde. After a devastating defeat, Denmark-Norway
was forced to give up a third of its territory to save the
rest, the ceded lands comprising Blekinge, Bornholm,
Bohuslän(Båhuslen), Scania (Skåne) and Trøndelag, as
well as her claims to Halland

44. City Malmö

45. City Gothenburgh

46. Stockholm

47. Nationalmuseum (or National
Museum of Fine Arts) is the
national gallery of Sweden, located
on the peninsula Blasieholmenin
central Stockholm.
The museum's benefactors include King
Gustav III and Carl Gustaf Tessin. The
museum was founded in 1792 as
Kungliga Museet("Royal Museum"). The
present building was opened in 1866,
when it was renamed the
Nationalmuseum, and used as one of the
buildings to hold the 1866 General
Industrial Exposition of Stockholm.
The current building, built between 1844
and 1866, was inspired by North Italian
Renaissance architecture.

66. Carl Michael Bellman
4 February 1740 –11 February
1795) was a Swedish songwriter,
composer, musician, poet and
entertainer. He is a central figure
in the Swedish song tradition
and remains a powerful
influence in Swedish music, as
well as in Scandinavian
literature, to this day. He has
been compared to Shakespeare,
Beethoven, Mozart, and Hogarth,
but his gift, using elegantly
rococo classical references in
comic contrast to sordid
drinking and prostitution—at
once regretted and celebrated in
song—is unique

67. The House of Nobility
(Swedish: Riddarhuset) in
Stockholm, Sweden is a
corporation and a building,
that maintains records and
acts as an interest group on
behalf of the Swedish
nobility.
The French-born architect
Simon De la Valléestarted
the planning of the
building, but was killed by a
Swedish nobleman in 1642.
The plans were eventually
finished by his son, Jean
De la Vallée, in 1660.

68. The first phase of building
the new palace 1697–1709
The second phase of
building the new palace
1727–1771
Stockholm Palace or
the Royal Palace
The offices of the King,
the other members of the
Swedish Royal Family