HISTORY: Persian Empire & Architecture

History of Architecture 1
Report by: Murawski
DLS-College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
1st Term S.Y. 2016-17
September 2016

1. History of Architecture Persia

2. Persian Empire(550-330 BCE) Was an empire based in Western Asia

3. Before the Persian Empire There are three who are closely associated: 1. Aryan (went Eastward and settled down and built the Indian Civilization) (While these two, went westward and encountered the Elamites .) 2. Media 3.Persia

4. Media and Persia When they absorbed the Elamite culture, They were still on the long road on becoming civilized. According to Herodotus, the nomadic Persians only have three goals in teaching their sons: To ride a horse, to draw a bow, to speak the truth.

5. Media and Persia Media joined forces with the Babylonians so they could overthrown the Assyrians during 612 BCE.

6. The start of the First Persian Empire

7. Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) (550 – 530 BCE) Known to be the one who started the First Persian Empire Known to be a good liberator unlike others who are tyrant.

8. Cyrus the Great Almost killed by his Grandfather( Astyages ) but Harpagus spared him. Married Cassandae and had 5 children: Boys: Cambyses II , Bardiya Girls: Atossa , Artystone , Roxane

9. Cyrus the Great During 550 BC he conquered the Median Kingdom led by his Grandfather, so his dreams became true afterall . 539 BC starts the conquest of Babylon

10. Cyrus the Great They said that Cyrus the Great died during his battles with Tomyris (pictured) Cyrus the Great died 530 BCE

11. Cambyses II (530-522BCE) Oldest son of Cyrus the Great Invaded Egypt and conquered it Formerly King of Babylon

12. Tomb of Cyrus

13. Tomb of Cyrus

14. Cambyses II Managed to capture the major Egyptian cities of Memphies and Heliopolis after a decisive victory at the Battle of Pelusium , and soon all Egypt fell. The people didn’t like Cambyses II that much

15. Cambyses II While he is on Egypt, an impostor named Gaumata , tricked the people in believing he is Bardiya (Cambyses II brother). Cambyses died before he could stop Gaumata

16. Cambyses II When some of the officials realized that Gaumata is an impostor, They assissanated him afterwards. Seven men where the ones who planned and assassinated the impostor One of the seven men was Darius the Great

17. Darius the Great(Darius I) Reigned (522-456 BCE) Formerly a spearman of Cambyses II during the Egyptian conquest Continued bringing the glory of the Persian Empire

18. Darius I After his coronoation in Pasargadae, there were already revolts in other places. This is because some preferred the rule of the previous ruler( Gaumata which he faked)

19. Darius I Some well known revolts during Darius’ reign: 1. The Babylon Revolt Led by Nebuchadnezzar III They didn’t let Darius and his men to enter the place unless the follow their condition.

20. Darius I The condition was to let a mule bear a foal. It took them almost a year and a half to solve the problem, until Zopyrus ’(one of the six Darius nobles) mule bear a foal. Following this, a plan was hatched for  Zopyrus  to pretend to be a deserter, enter the Babylonian camp, and gain the trust of the Babylonians. The plan was successful and Darius's army eventually surrounded the city and overcame the rebels

21. Darius I 2. European Scythian Campaign The Scythians took advantage of the revolts when they invaded Persia. Darius handled the revolts first in Elam, Assyria and Babylon before heading to the Scythian. He asked the Scythian ruler Idanthyrsus to surrender but the ruler has a condition.

22. Persian Invasion of Greece 492 BC – 490 BC

23. Darius I First Persian Invasion in Greece The invasion, consisting of two campaigns, was ordered by Darius I in order to punish the city states of Athens and Eretria. The first campaign(492 BCE) which was led by Mardonius who wanted to gain control of Thrace and force Macedon to become a fully subordinate of Persia.

24. Darius First Persian Invasion of Greece When Mardonius fleet got destroyed by a storm, Darius sent ambassador in all parts f Greece for submission. Athens and Sparta declined and executed the ambassadors. Because of the response of the two places, Darius wanted a war with them.

25. Taking advantage of the chaos in Sparta, which effectively left Athens isolated, Darius decided to launch an expedition to finally punish Athens and Eretria

26. Darius I They headed to the Lindos but was unsuccessful. They went to Naxos and Karystos where they burn and destroyed the city. In Eretria, the Persians enslaved the remaining townspeople.

27. Darius I Battle of Marathon( Athens,Plateans vs. Persian) Even though the Persians were high in number, they didn’t win the battle. Plus, the Spartans were unwilling to provide timely help for the Athenians and they still won by encircling the Persian forces. This was a momentous event since it was the first Greek victory in the Persian Wars. Then the Greeks prevented a surprise Persian attack on Athens by a quick march back to the city to warn the inhabitants.

28. Darius I Death He died during 486 BCE of October where his body was emblamed in his tomb.

29. Tomb of Darius the Great

30. Xerxes I Born in 516BC Died Augut 465BC Continued to reign Persia after his father’s death. Known Battles: Battle of Thermopylae

31. Others Artaxerxes I – third son of Xerxes Had a fight with the Egyptians(with the help of Athens), where they lost, but eventually gained victory afterwards. Xerxes II – after a reign of 45 days, he was assassinated by his brother Sogdianus during 424 B.C., who in turned murdered by Darius II

32. Others Darius II – didn’t meddle muchwith the Greeks, focused on other Persian state. Artaxerxes II- Artaxerxes II betrayed his allies and came to an arrangement with Sparta, and in the Treaty of Antalcidas he forced his erstwhile allies to come to terms. This treaty restored control of the Greek cities of Ionia and Aeolis on the Anatolian coast to the Persians, while giving Sparta dominance on the Greek mainland. In 385 BC he campaigned against the Cadusians .

33. Others Artaxerxes III – continued to rule other Persian states Artaxerxes IV- youngest son of Ataxerxes III. Reigned for 338-336 BC. Darius III

34. Darius III(pictured) The last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia(336-330BC)

35. Darius III During his reign, there were a lot of unreliable satraps. The empire is already unstable.

36. Pasargadae

37. Pasargadae was the capital of the  Achaemenid Empire under   Cyrus the Great  who had issued its construction (559–530 BC); it was also the location of his  tomb .

38. Persepolis

39. Persepolis Persepolis is a Greek name meaning “City of Persians” Persepolis was the capital of the  Achaemenid dynasty king   Darius the Great

40. Persepolis(Night)

41. Apadana

42. Apadana  is a large  hypostyle  hall, the best known examples being the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis  and the palace of  Susa . The Persepolis Apadana belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, the first half of the 6th century BC, as part of the original design by  Darius the Great . Its construction completed by  Xerxes I .

43. Architecture in Ancient Persia

44. Achaemenid Architecture In order for such a massive structure to have functioned properly it meant that the weight of the roof, columns and indeed the terrace had to be distributed evenly. Construction at the base of the mountain offered some structural support. The ceiling material was a composite application of wood and stone decreasing its overall weight. Extensive use of stone in Persepolis, not only guaranteed its structural integrity for the duration of its use but also meant that its remains lasted longer than the mud-bricks of Susa palaces

45. Naqsh -e Rustam  is an archaeological site located about 6 kilometers to the northwest of  Persepolis  in Marvdasht region in the Fars province of Iran .  Nash-e Rustam acts as a necropolis  for the Achaemenid kings, 

46. Influences Tehran University College of Social Sciences

47. Influences Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

48. Influences Courthouse of Tehran

49. Influences National Bank of Iran

50. Reference http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/war/story/sto_set.html http:// archaeology.about.com/od/pethroughpg/qt/persepolis.htm Wikipedia.com History of Architecture by Bannister Fletcher 20 th Edition