Histroy of ecology

The power point summarizes the history of ecology

1. History of ecology Dr. Surjya Kumar Saikia Department of Zoology Visva-Bharati

2. www.palagan.com ARANYAKA: 600BC " Aranyaka " literally means "produced, born, relating to a forest " or rather, "belonging to the wilderness". for those in  Vanaprastha   (OR retired , forest-dwelling) stage of their life Caraka -Samhita ( 1 st Century AD- 4th Century AD) Book on medicine Susruta -Samhita ( 1st Century AD-4th Century AD)

3. Hippocrates II, was a Greek and considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. Hippocrates emphasized the need for ecological background for medical students, as he emphasized the effect of water, air and locality on health and diseases in man Theophrastus (370-250 BC) Theophrastus was the first person to introduce ecological approach long before the term ecology was coined. He studied plant types and forms in relation to altitude, moisture and light exposure.

4. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (16 th ) Carl Linnaeus 17 th Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer Binomial Nomenclature Inter/intra specific competition and soil ecology Social Ecology Coined “survival of the fittest” Karl Möbius Ecological community, biocenosis Ernst Haeckel Coined ‘Ecology’ Ecology & Community Vito Volterra Lotka-Voltera Model Alfred J. Lotka Lotka-Voltera Model 18 th Century Ecologists

5. Vladimir Vernadsky Concept of Biosphere Ecological Succession 18 th Century Ecologists Arthur G. Tansley Coined “Ecosystem” Charles C Adams Animal Ecology & Ecological Energetics Victor E Shelford Concept of Food web, Biome, Shelfords Law Charles S. Elton 19 th Century Ecologists e sf.edu 'Father' of animal ecology, food web, niche concept Eugene P. Odum Howard T. Odum Ecosystem ecology, ecological thermodynamic, concepts Robert MacArthur Theory of Island Biogeography, ecological statistical methods

6. Ecology developed substantially in the 18th and 19th century

7. Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace , contemporary and competitor to Darwin, and was first to propose a "geography" of animal species. Wikimedia.commons

8. The first use of this term biocoenosis is usually attributed to Karl Möbius  in 1877. It means community of living beings. Möbius Wikimedia.commons

9. DARWIN AS ECOLOGIST Roots of scientific ecology Darwin’s concept of natural selection focused primarily on competition The term ecology was coined in 1866 by a strong proponent of Darwinism, Ernst Haeckel On the Origin of Species  is full of observations and proposed mechanisms that clearly fit within the boundaries of modern ecology 

10. Ernst Haeckel Hanns Reiter "By ecology we mean the body of knowledge concerning the economy of nature - the investigations of the total relations of animal both to its inorganic and to its organic environment; including above all, its friendly and inimical relation with those animals and plants with which it comes directly or indirectly into contact - in a word, ecology is the study of all the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions of the struggle for existence." ECOLOGY

11. He was the first to take on the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. He exposed the existing relationships between observed plant species and climate, and the described vegetation zones using latitude and altitude, a discipline now known as geobotany. “ Idea for Plant Geography ”– one of Humboldt’s famous works. Alexander von Humboldt “ Father of E cology” 1769–1859

12. The Biosphere Henry Chandler Cowles Wikipedia Eduard Suess Vladimir Vernadsky Region of the earth that encompasses all living organisms Best known for coining the word “ Gondw-analand ” Contributed two important ideas: plant succession and climax formation Wikipedia Wikipedia Studied the dynamic relationship between life and the Earth: biogeochemical cycles Prior 1900 1926

13. In 1935, the British ecologist, coined the term ecosystem, the interactive system established between the biocoenosis (the group of living creatures), and their biotope, the environment in which they live. Pinterest Arthur Tansley

14. Food chains and the food cycle, the size of food, niches, and the “pyramid of numbers. Elton’s first book,  Animal Ecology,  published in 1927 20th century English zoologist and ecologist, Charles Elton , is commonly credited as “the father of animal ecology

15. Common.Wikimedia.org In 1946, In a meeting with his colleagues in University of Georgia’s , Odum suggested that his ecology class be required of all new biology majors. His fellow scientists looked at him and laughed. Odum stormed out of the room but was not deterred. That night, he began writing a guiding set of principles that would ultimately serve as the foundation for the discipline’s first textbook. Father of Modern Ecology Eugene Odum

16. Wikipedia Father of Modern Ecology

17. Robert MacArthur Theory of Island Biogeography and innovator of ecological statistical method

18. George Evelyn Hutchinson was a 20th-century ecologist who is commonly recognized as the “F ounder of Modern Ecology”. Throughout his career, over six decades, Hutchinson contributed to the sciences of limnology, entomology, genetics, biogeochemistry, mathematical theory of population dynamics George Evelyn Hutchinson Founder of Modern Ecology

19. Model of population growth bounded by resource limitations, 1938 Proposed the predator–prey model Vito Volterra 1928 SE Jorgensen Alfred Lotka

20. Human ecology began in the 1920s, through the study of changes in vegetation succession in the city of Chicago. It became a distinct field of study in the 1970s . The development of human ecology led to the increasing role of ecological science in the design and management of cities . This marked the first recognition that humans, who had colonized all of the Earth's continents, were a major ecological factor. Ellen H. Swallow Richards

21. The Gaia theory, proposed by James Lovelock, in his work Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth, advanced the view that the Earth should be regarded as a single living macro-organism. In particular, it argued that the ensemble of living organisms has jointly evolved an ability to control the global. James Lovelock and Gaia Hypothesis

22. 1839 1982 1550 1906 1859 1758 1956 1959 Thomas Malthus