Housing/ Apartment Case Study Nepal

Case Study on
. Vinayak Colony
. Mero City Apartments
. Aranya Housing
. Unite De Habitation
For Housing/Apartment Study for Design Studio ,B. Architecture Pulchowk Campus, Nepal

1. CASE STUDY ON HOUSING/APARTMENT BY GROUP D 34 Praman Shrestha. 38 Rajay Bajracharya. 39 Rashmi Gautam. 45 Season Shakya. 48 Yajuna Shrestha. 49 Dev Dahal. 1

2. HOUSING Housing is any living spaces for the purpose of sheltering people. It is also well referred in construction and assigned usage of houses or buildings. It can be any kind of dwellings, lodging, or shelter. Housing in many different areas consists of public, social and private housing. People can purchase single-family homes, manufactured homes, apartments and condominiums. 2

3. DESIGN METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART 3

4. CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY FLOWCHART For different levels like: -Residents. -Community. -Management. -Designer. -Developer. -Accessible ones where we are allowed to do the case study. -Known residents. Using Various methods like: -Site visit. -Questionnaire. -Internet research. -Evaluating and report writing. -Comparing different aspects. -Development of Inferences. -Conclusion. 4

5. NATIONAL CASE STUDIES VINAYAK COLONY MERO CITY APARTMENTS 5

6. VINAYAK COLONY 2011 CE CONSTRUCTIONS PVT.LTD 6

7. PROJECT NAME : Vinayak Colony DEVELOPERS : CE construction Pvt.Ltd LOCATION : Sainbu Awas , Bhaisepati , Karyabinayak municipality, Lalitpur District (200m from Bhaisepati chowk) YEAR OF COMPLETION : January, 2008 TO April, 2011 PROJECT TYPE : Multi family, Affordable Housing. SITE AREA : 5,09,383.5 sq. ft. NO. OF PLOTS : 183 Housing units and a community building INTRODUCTION 7

8. Coordinates: 27.65°N, 85.30°E Sloppy land Houses in the colony are aligned with the tertiary road of 5m. The colony occupies: Land area: 5,09,383.5 sq. ft. Road area: 98,850.35 sq. ft. (20%) Plot area: 3,75,265.15 sq. ft. (75%) Open area: 17,968.97 sq. ft. (5%) 8 LAND DIVISION

9. It falls under the planned unit development housing that doesn't follow the zoning requirements in the area that are standard for housing developments. It is owned by the Private sector Developer with permission from the local government authority to create a housing development that follows different standards. The colony is spread over 104 Ropanis of land i.e. 5 lakhs 69 thousand five hundred and four square feet . It has two entrances one from the Awas Chhetra area and one from the Chobar road. There are total 4 gates Main colony situated in between Gate 3 and 4 holds 184 houses and additional 19 houses are in between in Gate 1 and 2. These two are separated by Cross roads. 9 PUD (PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT)

10. The planning is in Grid iron pattern. The Houses are arranged along the pattern planned with setback from all sides of Minimum 5ft setback. Larger setbacks have been given at front and back sides of a house unit. Leftover corner spaces are designated as recreational and landscape spaces. Recreational services are far from some houses located in the other corner. 10 PLANNING

11. It consists of 7 types of housing unit from Type A to type G with green pockets in between and temple is near the back entrance. (CE Real Estate, 2020) 11 PLANNING

12. Master plan Community Building Temple 12

13. 13 MASTERPLAN

14. 14 HOUSING TYPE – A

15. 15 HOUSING TYPE – B

16. 16 HOUSING TYPE – C

17. 17 HOUSING TYPE – D

18. 18 HOUSING TYPE – E

19. 19 HOUSING TYPE – F

20. 20 HOUSING TYPE – G

21. OPEN SPACES Few open spaces in comparison to its large land area. Only 1.71% out of total land area is landscape elements. Landscape has been done in remaining residual areas instead of planned landscape. Open spaces are given in form of chaitya square, temple complex and children playgrounds. 21

22. 22 MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING OTHER AMENITIES/FACILITIES

23. The buildings here are in Contemporary style. The units are in different land area and costs according to the requirements. Minimalist western architecture can be seen with a suave contemporary look. It is modern style with box type architecture played well with mass and volume with large opening for good light and ventilation in the interior space. Big openings are aesthetically balanced by slit openings. (Housing Nepal, 2020) 23 ARCHITECTURAL EXPRESSION

24. 24 Part of LMC Sainbu , Khokana and Bungamati area covers a total area of 11.18 Sq.Km . Bhaisipati is growing as a posh, luxurious residential settlement There are 3 routes from the study area to the city or CBD. Route 1 : Primary route ( Bhaisipati , Nakkhu , Bungamati and Khokana to Ekantakuna junction at ring road ) Route 2 : Sainbu ( Nakhudole area) across the Nakkhu River through Kusunti area and connects to Mahalaxmisthan junction at ring road. Route 3 : Closed to general public TRAFFIC ROUTE

25. Jar water and specially(tanker) supplied drinking water Boring water for household purpose B oring hole of 300-500m deep using aquifiers of waterpump 50mm diameter WATER SUPPLY WATER TREATMENT Provision of street lighting Backup generator & Mainline via Transformers Tractor sent twice a week by Municipality for solid waste While liquid waste is sent via supply line through manhole ELECTRICITY Waste Management 02 01 04 03 02 25 SERVICES

26. National case study - II MERO CITY APPARTMENT Hattiban , Lalitpur 26

27. Location: Hattiban , Lalitpur Developer: Royal Orchid Developers Construction Date: 2070 BS, operated from 2 years Project type: Affordable housing appartment L a nd Area: 11.5 acres Appartment Units: 1/2/3 BHK 286 units INTRODUCTION 27

28. HOUSING DEVELPMENT 1 2 4 3 The developers of this housing apartment project were Royal Orchid Developers, in the land located in the Ring road. The acquisition of the land for the project was relatively low-cost and the thus made it possible for affordable housing. It is still on the development phase, however it has significantly made the neighborhood development and also benefiting from it. Reconstruction the bridge and the construction of the two apartment towers are to be carried out by the developers. 28

29. MANAGEMENT The management committee is elected by the company every 5 years. 5 administration member and 8 staff. Repairment and maintenance of the unused apartment is done by the management. The issues of disputes are settled by the committee Pet policy – no new pets allowed , except to those already there. The residents ought to ask the permission to add a partition or paint. The service charge to each residents is Rs. 2 per s.ft Money collected through the committee for maintenance. 29

30. INFRASTRUCTURES NEARBY KU SCHOOL OF ARTS (0.5 km) I J PIONEER SCHOOL (82m) LA COLLEGE (700 m) LA SCHOOL (1.3 km) KATHMANDU HOSPITAL (6km) NEPAL CANCER HOSPITAL (1.5km ) LOCATION MAP SITE 30

31. PLANNING The project is designed in a tower zone planning. The apartment tower are encircled around the setback lines. Amphitheatre is too planned between the four towers. (However not yet built) The main entrance is through the bridge (which is damaged right now ) ENTRANCE SIDE ENTRANCE 31

32. MASTER PLAN 32

33. SITE SECTION 33

34. AREA ANALYSIS GENERAL INFO Area Covered :  15   Ropani Road Access :  32  Feet Build Up Area :  8   Ropani FAR AND GROUND COVERAGE Land area for tora : 7,535.71 sq.M Ground coverage area: 1,585.14 sq.M Ground coverage ratio: 21.04% (per 50%) Far: 3.484 -In SQ.M 34

35. A B D C E FUTURE EXPANSION Two apartment towers to be built An amphitheater as an public space Landscaping Part -In SQ.M 35

36. PARKING BASEMENT PLAN STILT AND SURFACE PARKING LAYOUT Basement and surface parking Limited Parking. So paid visiting parking is applied 36

37. SERVICES 50,000 liter per day consumption Use of Rain Water Harvesting No common taps Water treatment used only for the boring. WATER SUPPLY WATER TREATMENT Regular cleaning Sewage treatment Plan Waste collected in the open space in the court area Makes a bad visual sensation ELECTRICITY Waste Management 02 01 04 03 02 37 Provision of street lighting Backup generator & Mainline via Transformers Company’s own Electrician and Plumber for any problems

38. FIRE HAZARD AND EARTHQUAKE The provision of the fire alarms and fire hose. Every unit of the Apartment Floor. No sprinklers The project was branded as the RCC earthquake Resistant structure. Lack of Earthquake evacuation spaces Source: Royal Orchid Developers (2015) 38

39. APPARTMENT UNITS Mero city consists of 5 towers with single bedroom apartments at 377 sq. ft and going up to two, three bedroom apartments at 1100 sq. ft. Altogether, there are 286 units of 1/2/3 BHK units. 60% of Apartments are occupied as of 2 years of habitation. Being an affordable housing model, the room sizes are small and minimal. 39

40. The price for the apartment units ranges from smallest (i.e. 1BHK- 358 sq.ft) - 60 lakhs to 3BHK (1 crore 97 lakhs) The opening price after the construction was 20 lakhs only. 60% of Apartments are occupied as of 2 years of habitation. 40

41. FACILITIES Designed to accommodate the needs of the entire family, from a play area for the children to the temple surrounded by the apartments of nature. The different Spaces for Recreational activities are Basketball, Gym and swimming pool. However many designed spaces like the Amphitheatre is not yet constructed. Provision of 8pcs of CCTV and lockers to monitor security with the guards. New pets are not deemed unallowable. Playground CCTV 41

42. ANALYSIS Cost O f living? Affordability The major selling point of this housing project. A model for futuristic vision addressing the growing housing demand Site and surrounding Major factor for affordability is the land (site) purchase. The polluted river and the damaged bridge is the major issue, however all the educational institutions, medical hospitals and shopping center are nearby Design & Architecture Monotony in design- with the lack of finishing done in the structure Many of the landscaping and facilities in the design is not materialized, making an uninspiring space. 42

43. ENTRANCE The entrance not visible or well maintained. Since the bridge is now damaged, the main entry is unavailable. PEOPLE AND COMMUNITY Lack of priority in inclusiveness The community is heterogenous and individualist in nature, with not much of social event. Socially interactive spaces designed needs to be materialized. Community Hall Bridge Green Spaces 43

44. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES ARANYA HOUSING UNITE D’HABITATION

45. ARANYA LOW COST HOUSING PROJECT 1989, INDORE INDIA VASTU-SHILPA FOUNDATION 45

46. PROJECT NAME : Aranya Housing Project. DESIGN : Vastu-Shilpa Foundation (B.V. Doshi). CLIENT : Indore Development Authority (IDA). LOCATION : Indore, India. YEAR OF COMPLETION : 1989. PROJECT TYPE : Multi family, Affordable Housing. SITE AREA : 85 Hectares (210 Acres). TOTAL BUILT UP AREA : 100,000 sq.m POPULATION : 65000 NO. OF PLOTS : 6500 AWARDS : Aga Khan award for Architecture ( 1996) INTRODUCTION 46

47. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Indore Development Authority initiated an affordable housing project for 60,000 aimed at urban poor During 1970 and onward, the emerging need to house large numbers of people gave rise to various housing projects.  EFFECT CAUSE 01 02 It had been estimated that approximately 51,000 families were homeless or living in illegal settlements. A rectilinear site of 86 hectares was designed to accommodate over 6500 dwellings, largely for the Weaker Economic Section.  Previous efforts by the government were aimed at supplying ready-built units that took long time to complete, was expensive and required too much resources This was an integrated approach for 'a sustainable society' where the mix of different economic levels of society could stay together. 47

48. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY Building homes is about Creating a sense of belonging, Participatory involvement The expression of aspirations, relationships and desires Designed for the city’s economically weaker sections (EWS) as well as slum and street dwellers Providing a framework and access to serviced land, rather than a finished house. AIM OF DESIGN QUESTION OF OWNERSHIP DESIGN OBJECTIVE 48

49. SITE AND SURROUNDING CONTEXT SITE AMENITIES: Hospitals, School, Train Station, Market, Garden, Offices ZONING: Residential, Commercial, Institutional and Community spaces ACCESIBLE: Delhi-Bombay Highway towards east(60m road) MAIN ROAD (30m) in other three directions SITE SELECTION CRITERIA: Linkage to the city and employment generated in the surrounding industrial areas. 49

50. CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT Ideological Basis for Planning Aranya Evolution of Master Plan STAGE 1: Plan initially prepared by IDA STAGE 2: Initial Stage of proposed plan with distributed open spaces STAGE 3: Later stage of Development with rectified orientation. STAGE 4: Proposed Master plan . 50

51. Where the plot consisted of provision for services, a toilet block, and a brick plinth to build over Consisted of provision for services, a toilet block, and a brick plinth to build over. Of the fundamental needs of people and the fact that space and design eventually revolve around the user For mixed-income groups was with an idea to get them together From the understanding Framework of Things Plot Integrated Approach DESIGN APPROACH 51

52. LAND USE DETAILS LAND USE AREA (IN HECTARES) % NET PLANNING AREA 86.24 100 MARKETABLE PLOT AREA 50.17 58.17 COMMERCIAL AREA 2.80 3.25 INDUSTRIAL 0.14 0.16 SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY 5.81 6.74 NON-MARKETABLE ROAD AREA 20.29 23.52 OPEN SPACES 7.03 8.16 Plan Showing the Zoning of Land Use. 52

53. SITE PLANNING Plan showing the division of the sectors via road network. The site is divided into six parts by the roads. Each part/sector has residential clusters, community spaces, a set of road networks with services & green spaces. Each sector has residential clusters of mainly 4 types of housing groups – EWS, LIG, MIG & HIG. The central spine area is meant for the commercial and institutional land use. 53

54. 54

55. ROAD CONNECTIVITY CLUSTER LEVEL ( EWS ) TOWN LEVEL SECTOR LEVEL Different Level of Road Connectivity in Aranya 55

56. HOUSING TYPOLOGY AT ARANYA Housing Typology in Aranya 56 56

57. 3 PLANNING OF UNITS & INCREMENTAL HOUSING HOUSING TYPOLOGY & PLANNING OF UNITS Housing Typologies Planning of Units 57

58. 3 PLANNING OF CLUSTERS & INCREMENTAL HOUSING Incremental housing is a step by step process that is integral urban development process or building house communities. It is not quick ,immediate or complete but choice remains with the owner. Starts with a starter core shelter which could be a multipurpose room with kitchen and bathing facilities. The owner controls the expansion of their housing 58

59. 3 INSPECTION CHAMBER SEPTIC TANK TOILET UNITS HOUSE UNITS SEWER LINE STORM WATER Plan Of 4 Cluster Of EWS Showing The Sewer System SERVICES SEWER LINE ELECTRIC LINE Plan Showing Service lines in the settlement Section through a street showing the storm water drainage 59

60. ANALYSIS-KEY FACTORS OF ARANYA HOUSING 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sensitive approach towarsd society and its tradition al ways A conscious response towards the ecosystem Relationships between Human and Environment Co-exisence of functionality and poetic element Economic and affordable housing addressed to the Urban poor Association of our lives with culture 60

61. ALLOWS People to shape the space according to fundamental needs and lifestyles The house to grow subjectively, influencing the connectivity INFLUENCES Human and adaptability Private and public buffers Indoor-outdoor relationships Flow of spaces. FRAMEWORK OF THINGS 61

62. COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS Locally available brick, stone and cement were used in construction as per owner’s wishes. Small diameter shallow piles with poured concrete was used, which made for very inexpensive foundation Stone pavement- Internal Streets/Squares in Economically Weaker Section Asphalt pavement- Peripheral Road with Heavy Traffic BRICK, STONE, CEMENT POURED CONCRETE PAVEMENT Bright Colors in Facades R a ilings, Grills and Cornices commonly seen in Indore houses DECORATIONS Details of Indore Houses in Aranya Housing 62

63. Climate Responsive Features CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN 63

64. SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT The house belongs to the owner financially physically and intellectually to the owners after hand over Small courtyards to be shared families, Larger green spaces for each of sectors, s central playing field to serve the entire development OWNERSHIP HEIRARCHY & CONNECTIVITY Emphasis is given on social structure and life processes than in the building technology and architectural expression A house is not a permanent finished structure but an ever changing entity shaped by the lives of the people SOCIAL STRUCTURE ARCHITECTURE AS A PROCESS 02 01 04 03 02 64

65. Interconnectivity and Space Interactions Street House Relationships_Balkrishna Doshi _© vastushilpa Foundation Plots with planned framework to grow 65

66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The longer side facade is oriented in the north- south axis to reduce the solar radiations two openings on north and south permit natural light and cross ventilation The houses were clustered in low rise blocks. Co-exisence of Courtyards within houses, cul-de-sacs, public squares and small activity areas sufficiently shaded Landscaping and green areas include flowering and shade giving trees with thick green ground cover. Most of the plots were small in and size BUILDING TECHNIQUE AND STRUCTURE 66

67. To have a unified sense of belonging by including the user in the design process was an effective and practical approach towards the housing Design parameters like hierarchy, movement, scale were instrumental in the Master Plan Growth of houses and the evolution of spaces were purely out of need and the lifestyle of families. 1 2 3 Every neighborhood connected through smaller public spaces and informal pathways 4 MASTER PLAN CONNECTION VISION GROWTH OF HOUSES INFERENCES 67

68. Providing space for organic growth and movement in users. Uplift weaker and low-income houses and transcend the informal nature of their settlement This framework maximized the functionality and usage of spaces in shared living. 5 6 7 The Project is exceptional for attempts to meet its socio-cultural as well as economic purpose 8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT EXCEPTIONAL EXAMPLE PLOT FRAMEWORK FUNCTIONALITY INFERENCES 68

69. A Multi-family Housing Project by Le Corbusier Unité d'Habitation (1952) 69

70. INTRODUCTION Project Name: Unité d'Habitation (Housing unit in French) Designed by: Le Corbusier Location: Marseille , France Built in: 1947-1952 Style: Modern Project type: Affordable m ulti family housing L a nd Area: 11.5 acres 18 storey slab block structure C omprises of 337 apartment Units , housing abou t 1600 people 70

71. SURROUNDING CONTEXT Situated in a large park So people get views of greenery from the apartments Gardens, Boulevards, Hotels, Nursery School etc. in site surrounding Location Map Aerial View 71

72. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The bombing of the city resulted in a substantial rise in houisng demand This multi family housing complex for the masses was built as an answer to the post-war housing shortages Europe was still heavily affected when Le Corbusier was tasked to design a multi-family residential In fact, many people of Marseille were dislocated in great numbers after the bombings on France. Resulting Housing demand War Aftermath 72

73. CONCEPTS A garden city for the masses that was affordable Entire building based on the measuring units of modulor , the universal measuring unit considered by Le Corbusier MODULOR Focused on communal living for all the inhabitants to shop, play, live, and come together -unlike villa construction VERTICAL GARDEN CITY AFFORDABILITY The ocean liner-which housed fed and entertained thousands of passengers in a very restricted space OCEAN LINER 73

74. Typical city distribution Vertical city distribution PLANNING AND FACILITIES The North elevation is completely closed due to the cold winds from that side Stands on pillars, leaving space underneath for car and bicycle parking and pedestrian circulation Except for the entrance hall with janitor's box and elevators. Main elevation facing east west axis 165m 24m 56m 74

75. TYPICAL TWO-LEVEL APARTMENTS ( Interlocking space, central access corridors) 1 – Main Corridor 2 – Entrance 3 – Kitchen 4 – Living Room And Lunchroom 5 – Lunchroom 6 – Double Bedroom 7 – Single Bedroom 8 – Balcony 9 – Void 10 – Double Bedroom 11 – Living Room 12 – Built-in Wardrobe 13 – Bathroom 14 – Shower SECTION PLAN Superior unit Inferior unit 75

76. PLANNING AND FACILITIES Apartments of 23 types , varying from bachelor apartments to such for families with 8 children Each apartment contains two floors connected with an interior stair case A large window of 3.66 x 4.80 m allows a full view of the beautiful surrounding landscape Height of the modules restricted to 2.3 each floor -the length of the Modulor Man standing with his one hand raised The apartments, being distributed in pairs on three floors, need only 5 corridors , called interior roads, one on every third floor They run in the longitudinal axis of the building Modular Man 76

77. STANDARD TWO FLOOR FLAT GARAGES ENTRANCE & PORTER’S LODGE INTERNAL THOROUGHFARE YOUTH CLUBS & WORKSHOP COMMUNAL LAUNDRY PUB HEALTH CENTRE CHILD CARE CENTRE GYMNASIUM CAFETERIA CHILDREN’S PLAYGROUND CAFÉ & SUN TERRACE AMENITIES 77

78. BUILDING MATERIALS 1 2 4 3 The materials selected are reinforced concrete and glass (because of the post-war steel shortage) with no ornaments This project offered the greatness of possibilities using reinforced concrete as a natural material . Thick lead sheets for sound proofing Considered as the pioneer of the Brutalist architectural style . The constructive principle adopted, the so-called “ bottle rack ” 78

79. T here is no­thing that we could call a proper skeleton B ut the system of " Bottles and Bottle-rack “ i.e. each apartment is an independent box of pre-cast concrete having no contact with its neighbors . Suspended with the independent concrete frame BOTTLE RACK PRINCIPLE 79

80. STRUCTURE Artificial ground basically a transfer structure serves no useful purpose other than complying, dogmatically, with Le Corbusier’s first point of architecture Artificial Floor Section Bases of the columns were ‘hinged’ to the pile caps , by being supported in what were essentially ‘buckets of sand.’  Columns needed temporary support for stability until at least four columns had been built, together with the linking transverse and longitudinal beams Unnecessarily time consuming expensive work Pilotis Pilotis Columns were a complicated u-shape in section, with a tapering shape on elevation , thus needing complex formwork and reinforcement 80

81. VERTICAL CITY Advantage Greenery around the building Pilotis provide area under building in ground floor as well Disadvantage limitation to the social life of the inhabitants; A resident will have little need and less inclination ever to leave the building at all for days on end 81

82. Private Appartment with an interlocking system of residential volume The units designed the units to span from each side having a duplex unit Required corridors reduced to one every three floors Very low ceiling height of 2.26m is just too low for today standards The modular was ignored for many of the interior dimensions Bedroom Bedroom and living rm. Dining and Kitchen Living Room INTERIOR DESIGN 82

83. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION SYSTEM Apartment units exceeding from the main body building apartments are covers the whole floor N atural light and ventilation to be permeable in both sides and also surround the apartments. 83

84. Corbusier advocated with the idea of fixed sunshades which were made of concrete called as brise soleils This is the intended situation at noon in winter and summer. (fig a and b) In summer, the sun’s low-angled rays are intense i.e. brise soleil is applicable to south-facing façades. But the main elevations faces east and west . Consequently catch the hot morning and evening sun in summer- the orientation of the brise soleil is wrong (a) (b) Brise Soleil Conceptual drawings of Brise Soleil working Mechanism 84

85. CIRCULATION SYSTEM Corridors run through the centre of the long axis of every third floor of the building The corridors on every third floor allows access to each flat, like a jigsaw, 3 emergency staircases The apartments in the building all have two floors with their own internal staircase . Section showing circulation ADVANTAGE Percentage of common circulation decreased so more space for private areas and common facilities like shops, restaurants etc. 85

86. CIRCULATION DISADVANTAGE No natural sunlight in internal corridor Energy Inefficient Dark(without artificial lights) and Impersonal No views to outside Can become crowded as single corridor for 3 levels (pandemic situations unsafe) Section 86

87. CIRCULATION DISADVANTAGE Superior unit Inferior unit Plan Section Living Room Bedroom Have to pass through bedroom to reach living room 87

88. Corridor Escape Route Plans and Sections No effective fire separation between the different areas within the apartments Maximum escape route (from a child’s bedroom)  over 20 m - normally 9 m and 12 m FIRE SAFETY View of Kitchen, Dining and Exit No alternative means of escape The escape route ends by passing through the kitchen , the source of most domestic fires 88

89. PUBLIC HEATH REGULATIONS VIOLATION Kitchen, bathroom, WC and the children’s bedrooms, the long access corridors, were entirely dependent on mechanical ventilation the minister to Le Corbusier ‘ You are free of all restrictions and above the law …’ Confirmed in July 1949 when the ministry issued a waiver exempting the project from the need for a building license Kitchens and Dining rooms were nearly eight meters from a window Floor to ceiling height of only 2.26 m was less than the legal minimum 89

90. Never fully clear what type of people it was designed for Supposed to be a prototype for housing worldwide so should be fit for all Not designed for the ordinary people/workers of his time 01 02 05 03 Instead  for modern individuals who were a strange combination of  monk, artist, athlete, worker and intellectual 04 Who is it built for? Similar to Le Corbusier’s carefully cultivated self image 06 As architects should be careful to avoid 90

91. Inferences Hardly newsworthy type of construction today But attracted global interest at the time , and can be seen as one of the most influential buildings of the twentieth century  Has since been the example for public housing across the world Inspired a new generation of architects to think differently about social housing 91

92. COMPARISON S. No. TITLE VINAYAK COLONY MERO CITY APARTMENT ARANYA HOUSING UNITÉ D'HABITATION 1. LOCATION Bhaisepati, Lalitpur. (NATIONAL) Mero city, Lalitpur. (NATIONAL) Indore, India. (REGIONAL) Marseille, France. (INTERNATIONAL) 2. CLIMATE Sub-Tropical Climate. Sub-Tropical Climate. Tropical Savanna Climate Hot-summer Mediterranean climate 3. TOPOGRAPHY Contour. Flat, By the riverside. Plain, By the highway. Flat. 4. AREA 11.69 acres. 1.88 acres 210 acres. 11.5 acres. 5. NUMBER OF UNITS 183 305 6500 Plots. 337 6. YEAR OF COMPLETION 2011 A.D 2013 A.D 1989 A.D 1952 A.D 7. DEVELOPERS/ DESIGNERS CE construction Pvt. Ltd Royal Orchid Developers Pvt. Ltd Vastu-Shilpa Foundation (B.V. Doshi). Le Corbusier

93. COMPARISON S. No. TITLE VINAYAK COLONY MERO CITY APARTMENT ARANYA HOUSING UNITÉ D'HABITATION 8. PROJECT TYPE Mass housing. Affordable housing apartment. Low cost housing for EWS and slums. Affordable m ulti-family housing. 9. RESIDENT TYPE High Class Middle and High Class. Low, Middle and High Class. Low and middle Class. (War displaced) 10. CONCEPT Minimalist & modern. Grid iron pattern. Affordable housing around Kathmandu. Tower zone planning. Social and experimental housing designed to adapt to residents. Vertical garden city. 11. MATERIALS RCC, Brick, Aluminum, Tiles, RCC, Brick, Tile, Marble, Aluminum, POP Concrete, Steel, Bricks, Metals Pre-cast concrete, Glass, RCC, Steel 12. SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH More or less green spaces seen in each unit, solar water heater Rain water harvesting,. Sewage treatment plant Locally available materials-brick, stones and cements. Greeneries around the site and under the pilotis area in ground

94. COMPARISON S. No. TITLE VINAYAK COLONY MERO CITY APARTMENT ARANYA HOUSING UNITÉ D'HABITATION 13. AMENITIES Gym, Basketball court, Community halls, Swimming pool, Child playground, Park, Temple, Shop Temple, Swimming poll, Basketball court, Amphitheater, Child play-ground, Gym, ATM, Commercial centre, school, health centre, public squares, playgrounds Shop, Café, Educational & Youth club, Gallery, Hotel, Pub, Gym, Child care, Health & fitness center 14. ASPECTS – POSITIVE Security, proper planning, fire hose in every house. Affordable, Nearby major city facilities, Hydrant fire fighting systems. Affordable, Climate responsive design, Self contained neighborhood. Influential building, Pioneered brutalist architecture, 15. ASPECTS - NEGATIVE Lack of parking & adequate open space, sloping entrance & road, not suitable for joint family. Two elevators not enough for single tower, Lack of finishing, No proper entrance, Lack of socially interactive spaces, amenities & open spaces. Model template failed to inspire the inhabitants, objective design approach, Lack of mechanism for sustenance. Limitation of social life, Low ceiling height, lack of lighting & fire safety, Circulation disadvantage, Public heath regulations violation.

95. These case studies helped us understand the different design and planning approach as per the need, theme, site context and target groups. Inclusion of socio-cultural aspects and sustainable approach. Following the by-laws, policies, acts and regulation set by the government. Architecturally and structurally sound with pleasing view of not only site but the area/city. Also, human component linking physical development with socio cultural as well as economic activities. CONCLUSION 95

96. SOURCES Revisit: Aranya low-cost housing, Indore, Balkrishna Doshi - Architectural Review (architectural-review.com) A--D -- Aranya Housing Project (architectureindevelopment.org) Aranya Low-cost Housing by BV Doshi – archEstudy Aranya Community Housing - AKDN ( the.akdn ) Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier - A Closer Look (artincontext.org) A-critical-appraisal-of-the-design-construction-and-influence-of-the-Unite-dHabitation-Marseilles-France.pdf (researchgate.net) Unité d'habitation – Wikipedia Case Study_ Unite d’Habitation – İremSümer - TEDUArch (wordpress.com) Unité d’habitation - Le Corbusier - World Heritage Unite'd habitation, Le corbusier . (slideshare.net) Views on Le Corbusier's Unite d’Habitation - Architectural Review (architectural-review.com) 96

97. THANK YOU