How to use CITATION & REFERENCING in your articele

Various citation system and referencing process has been describe very nicely

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Citations & References
DIFFERENT STYLES
What is citation?
•Onecharacteristicofscholarlywritingisthatitisbasedonpreviousresearch
withinthefieldorwithinrelatedfields.Referencesneedtobemadetoall
sourcesthathavebeenused,accordingtoacceptedwritingstandards.
•Acitationisawayofgivingcredittoindividualsfortheircreativeand
intellectualworksthatyouutilizedtosupportyourresearch.Itcanalsobe
usedtolocateparticularsourcesandcombatplagiarism.Typically,acitation
canincludetheauthor'sname,date,locationofthepublishingcompany,
journaltitle,orDOI(DigitalObjectIdentifier).
•Acitationstyledictatestheinformationnecessaryforacitationandhowthe
informationisordered,aswellaspunctuationandotherformatting.
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Different styles
•Thesourceisthetextorotherworkthatprovidestheinformationthatis
beingused(whereastheactualmentionofthesourcethatisbeingused
iscalledareference).
•Therearemanydifferentwaysofcitingresourcesfromyourresearch.
Thecitationstylesometimesdependsontheacademicdiscipline
involved.
•Forexample:
•
APA(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)isusedbyEducation,Psychology,and
Sciences
•
MLA(ModernLanguageAssociation)styleisusedbytheHumanities
•
ChicagostyleisgenerallyusedbyBusiness,History,andtheFineArts
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APA Style
•Therearetwopartstoreferencing:
•
thecitationswithinthetextofyourpaperand
•
thereferencelistattheendofyourpaper.
•TheAPAreferencingstyleisan"author-date"style,sothe
citationinthetextconsistsoftheauthor(s)andtheyearof
publicationgivenwhollyorpartlyinroundbrackets.
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•Citation:Useonlythesurnameoftheauthor(s)followedbya
commaandtheyearofpublication.Includepage,chapteror
sectionnumbersifyouneedtobespecific,forexampleifyouare
quoting,paraphrasingorsummarising:
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•Nodistinctionismadebetweenbooks,journalarticles,internet
documentsorotherformatsexceptforelectronicdocumentsthatdonot
providepagenumbers.Inthiscaseusetheparagraphnumber,ifavailable,
withtheabbreviationpara.
(see Munro, 1999, para. 12)
Munro, C. (1999). Facing grief.Synergy, 3(3).
http://about.murdoch.edu.au/synergy/0303/grief.html
•Reference
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•SomeExamples:
•Acitationforabookappearinginthetextas:
APA:Therearemanyapproachestopsychologicaltesting(Kline,2000,pp.
26-27).
Chicago:Therearemanyapproachestopsychologicaltesting(Kline,2000,
pp.26-27).
Lyotardnotesthatscience,then,nolongerhasthepowertolegitimate
othernarratives(40);itcannolongerbeunderstoodtobetheworld’s
singularmetalanguagebecauseithasbeen“replacedbytheprincipleofa
pluralityofformalandaxiomaticsystemscapableofarguingthetruthof
denotativestatements...”(43).
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Reference
•APA:
Kline,P.(2000).Thehandbookofpsychologicaltesting(2nded.).
Routledge.
Snyder,C.R.(Ed.).(1999).Coping:Thepsychologyofwhatworks.Oxford
UniversityPress.
Chicago:
Green,Mary.BookTitle.Abingdon:Routledge,2012.
Green,Mary,ed.TitleofBook.Abingdon:Routledge,2010.
Smith,John,JaneJones,andMaryGreen.BookTitle:TheSubtitle.
Abingdon:Routledge,2012.
Morethan10authors:Listthefirstsevenauthorsfollowedbyetal.
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•wouldappearinthereferencelistinthefollowingform:
•Acitationforajournalarticleappearinginthetextaseither:
Itisclearthatgoaldirectedmeaningconnectsperceptionandspecification(Foo
&Kelso,2001,p.222).
OR
FooandKelso(2001)showedthatgoaldirectedmeaningconnectsperception
andspecification.
(Wiskundeetal.,2019,p.1936)
•Inthereferencelistinthefollowingform:
Foo,P.,&Kelso,J.A.(2001).Goaldirectedmeaningconnectsperceptionand
specification.BehavioralandBrainSciences,24(2),222-223.
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Online Journals
•Vogels,A.G.C.,Crone,M.R.,Hoekstra,F.,&Reijneveld,S.A.(2009).
Comparingthreeshortquestionnairestodetectpsychosocialdysfunction
amongprimaryschoolchildren:arandomizedmethod.BMCPublicHealth,9,
489.https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-489
•Smith,John.“ArticleTitle:TheSubtitle.”JournalTitleinFull10,no.1(2012):
30–40.doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
•Smith,J.“ArticleTitle:TheSubtitle.”JournalTitleinFull10,no.1(2012):30–
40.doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
•Khan,Lisa.“ArticleTitleinEnglish.”[InHindi.]JournalTitleinFull10,no.3
(2012):10–29.doi:xxxxxxxxxxx.
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Mark the difference
•... as Kurtinesand Szapocnik(2003) demonstrated.
•... as has been demonstrated (Kurtines& Szapocnik, 2003).
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•Wheretwocitiesaregiven,includethefirstoneonly.Ifthecity
couldbeconfusedwithanother,addtheabbreviationofthestate,
province,orcountry.
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Notes
•IntheNotes,youshouldincludeanote(endnoteorfootnote)each
timeyouuseasource,whetherthroughadirectquote,paraphrase,or
summary.Footnotesareaddedattheendofthepageonwhichthe
sourceisreferenced,whileendnotesarecompiledattheendofeach
chapterorattheendoftheentiredocument.
•Ineithercase,asuperscriptnumbercorrespondingtoanote,along
withthebibliographicinformationforthatsource,shouldbeplacedin
thetextfollowingtheendofthesentenceorclauseinwhichthe
sourceisreferenced.
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Chicago: More than ten authors List the first seven authors followed by et
al. (and others)
Kumar et al. (2020). Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Trolling,
Aggression and Cyberbullying (TRAC-2020).Paris: European Language
Resources Association (ELRA).
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•ibid:inthesamesource(usedtosavespaceintextualreferencesto
aquotedworkwhichhasbeenmentionedinapreviousreference).
•Ifyouconsecutivelycitethesamesourcetwoormoretimesina
note(completeorshortened),youmayusetheword“ibid”instead.
•Ifyou’rereferencingthesamesourcebutdifferentpage,follow
‘Ibid’withacommaandthenewpagenumber(s).
"(ibid.p.57)"
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Census data
•U.S.Census Bureau(yeardatawas published). Name ofdataor
report. Retrieved from [URL].
•Government of India. (2011). State Census.Office of the registrar
general & census commissioner, India.Retrieved from
http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/306642-dhemal-west-
bengal.html.
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Unpublished Materials
•Presentedpaper:
Smith,John.“TitleofPaper.”Paperpresentedattheannualmeetingfor
theSocietyofXXXX,Oxford,November21–24,2012.
•Poster:
Smith,John.“TitleofPoster.”Posterpresentedattheannualmeeting
fortheSocietyofXXXX,Oxford,November21–24,2012.
•Unpublishedthesis:
Agarwal,Ruchi.“TitleofThesis.”PhDdiss.,UniversityofChicago,2018.
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•Citationsforunpublishedandpersonalinterviewsshouldcontainsome
orallofthefollowingelements
•IntervieweeName:(firstname,middlename,lastname),alongwith
identifyinginformationofinterviewee,inparentheses(e.g.jobtitleor
companyname).Excludeifintervieweewishestoremainanonymous.
•ContactMethod:(i.e.emailmessageto;inconversationwith;interview
with)
•InterviewerName:(firstname,middlename,lastname)
•Place:ordateoftheinterview.
•Location:wheretranscriptorrecordingofinterviewmaybefound(if
heldbyanorganization).
AndrewMacmillan(principaladviser,InvestmentCenterDivision,FAO),in
discussionwiththeauthor,September1998.
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•personal communications
Piplai.Dripta, e-mail message to author, April 17, 2020.
•Citations of personal communications should always omit any
personal data (email address, cell phone number, etc).
•Personal communications are typically also left out of the
bibliography.
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•Blog Post:
•Author (Lastname, Firstname). Year of Publication. "Title of Blog
Posting."Name of blog(blog).Parent publishing entity. Month/Day
of Publication. URL.
•Blog Comment:
•Commenter screen name. Publication Year (Time of Comment).
Comment on Author (FirstnameLastname). "Title of blog
posting.”Name of blog(blog).Parent publishing entity. Month/Day
of publication. URL.
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Webpages
•Withnoauthors:
Wikipedia..“StyleGuide.”Wikipedia.LastmodifiedJuly18,2008.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide.
Wikipedia.2008.“StyleGuide.”Wikipedia.LastmodifiedJuly18.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide.
•Withauthors:
Jalopy,Mister.2009.“EffulgenceoftheNorth:StorefrontArcticPanorama
inLosAngeles.”DinosaursandRobots.LastmodifiedJanuary30.
http://www.dinosaursandrobots.com/2009/01/effulgence-of-north-
storefront-arctic.html.
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Class note & PPT
•Instructor'sLastName,FirstName."TitleofHandouts/Notes."Name
ofCourse,ColumbiaCollege.Datehandoutwasreceived.Course
handout.
Lahiri,Bornini.“VaretiesofEnglish."EnglishforTechnicalWriting,
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,Receivedon24September
2020.Coursehandout.
•Instructor'sLastName,FirstName."TitleofPowerPoint
Presentation."TitleofCourse,DateofPowerPoint
presentation,ColumbiaCollege.
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•Authorsareencouragedtoavoidperpetuatingdemeaningattitudes
andbiasedassumptionsaboutpeopleintheirwriting.
•Atthesametime,historiansandscholarswritinganalysesofpast
eventsortimesorofhistoricalfiguresmustbecarefulnotto
misrepresenttheideasofthepastinanefforttoavoidlanguagebias.
•Changesinnounsandpronounsmayresultinmisrepresentationof
theoriginalauthor’sideasandgiveafalseinterpretationofthat
author’sbeliefsandintentions.
•Insuchwriting,thebestapproachistoretaintheoriginallanguage
andtocommentonitinthediscussion.
•Quotationsshouldnotbechangedtoaccommodatecurrent
sensibilities.
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•Contemporaryauthorsmayindicateahistoricalauthor’soriginaltermby
followingitwithanasteriskthefirsttimeitappearsinthetextoftheirpaper
andbyprovidinghistoricalcontextonthesamepageasthequotationina
footnote.
•Belowisanexampleofhistoricallyappropriateuseofatermthatis
consideredbiasedbytoday’sstandards.Substitutingamoregender-neutralor
inclusivetermwouldbehistoricallyinaccurate.
InformingtheelitescientificsocietycalledtheExperimentalists,Titchener
“wantedabovealltohavefree,informalinterchangebetweenolderand
youngermen*intheareaofexperimentalpsychology,withthegoalof
socializingthenextgenerationintotheprofession”(Furumoto,1988,p.105).
1
•Thecorrespondingfootnotereadsasfollows:
•
1
Inthisexample,theterm“men”conveysTitchener’sintentiontoexclude
womenfromthesociety.
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•Whenyouarewriting,youneedtofollowgeneralprinciplestoensure
thatyourlanguageisfreeofbias.
•Agewithinclusivityandrespect.
•Ageshouldbereportedaspartofthedescriptionofparticipantsinthe
paper’sMethodsection.
•Bespecificinprovidingageranges,means,andmedians.Avoidopen-
endeddefinitionssuchas“under18years”or“over65years,”unless
referring,forinstance,tobroadresearchstudyeligibilitycriteria.
•Foranindividualofanyage,appropriatetermsare“person,”
“individual,”.
•Avoidusingtermssuchas“seniors,”“elderly,”“theaged,”“aging
dependents,”
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•Thisissobecausetheyconnoteastereotypeandsuggestthat
membersofthegrouparenotpartofsocietybutratheragroupapart
(seeLundebjergetal.,2017;Sweetlandetal.,2017).
•Likewise,avoidnegativisticandfatalisticattitudestowardaging,such
asageasbeinganobstacletoovercome(Lindlandetal.,2015).
•Besureyourlanguageconveysthatagingisanormalpartofthe
humanexperienceandisseparatefromdiseaseanddisorder.
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•. Terms for older adults
•Problematic:
the elderly
elders
elderly people
the aged
•aging dependents
seniors
senior citizens
•Preferred:
older adults
older people
persons 65 years and older
the older population
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•Foranindividualaged12yearsandyounger,appropriatetermsare
“infant”(foraveryyoungchild),“child,”“girl,”“boy,”“transgender
girl,”“transgenderboy,”“gender-fluidchild,”.
•Foranindividualaged13to17years,appropriatetermsare
“adolescent,”“youngperson,”“youth,”“youngwoman,”“youngman,”
“femaleadolescent,”“maleadolescent”.
•Foranindividualaged18yearsandolder,appropriatetermsare
“adult,”“woman,”“man,”“transgenderman,”“transman,”
“transgenderwoman,”“transwoman,”“genderqueeradult,”
“cisgenderadult,”.
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•Problematic:
man, mankind
man a project
man–machine interface
manpower
man's search for knowledge
•Preferred:
people, humanity, human beings, humankind, human species
staff a project, hire personnel, employ staff
user–system interface, person–system interface, human–computer
interface
workforce, personnel, workers, human resources
the search for knowledge
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•Specifying gender when it is not relevant
•Problematic:
female doctor, female physician
male nurse
•Preferred:
doctor, physician
nurse
•Example:Specify gender only if it is a variable or necessary to the
discussion (e.g., “13 doctors were women and 22 were men”).
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•Problematic:
The client is usually the best judge of the value of his counseling.
The client is usually the best judge of the value of his or her counseling.
•Preferred:
The client is usually the best judge of the value of counseling.
The client is usually the best judge of the value of their counseling.
Clients are usually the best judges of the value of the counseling they
receive.
The best judge of counseling is usually the client.
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Helpful Websites
•https://www.tandf.co.uk//journals/authors/style/reference/tf_Chic
agoEB.pdf
•https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/APA/all
•https://pitt.libguides.com/citationhelp/apa7
•https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines
•https://www.mendeley.com/download-desktop-new/
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