Human Behavior Chapter 4 Lecture 4 . pptx

Human Behavior

1. Chapter No#04 Learning & Behaviour

2. LEARNING Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior convey about by experience. How do we know when a behavior has been influenced by learning—or even is a result of learning? Part of the answer relates to the nature-nurture question, one of the fundamental issues underlying the field of psychology behavior.

3. Continue… The first systematic research on learning was done at the beginning of the 20th century, when it developed the framework for learning called classical conditioning. The theory was proposed by Ivan Pavlov ( A Russian scientist He is well known for classical conditioning theory where he trained a dog to salivate with the ringing bell.

4. The idea behind the experiment No body trains a dog to salivate but still they salivate when they see food He kept a hungry dog in the lab and offered him meat at different time intervals. Whenever dog saw the meat, it started to salivate Later on, he started offering meat to dog with the ring of a bell He kept on repeating the process till the time when dog trained in the process. Called as conditioning

5. The Basic Classical conditioning Classical conditioning: A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is matching with a motivation that naturally brings about that response. For example, whenever you come home wearing a baseball cap, you take your child to the park to play. So, whenever your child sees you come home with a baseball cap, he is excited because he/she has linked your baseball cap with a trip to the park. This learning by relationship is classical conditioning

6. Continue… Neutral stimulus: A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest. e.g., A good example of a neutral stimulus is a sound or a song. When it is initially presented, the neutral stimulus has no effect on behavior . 

7. Continue… Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): A motivation that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. e.g., The smell of a favorite food, which immediately makes you feel hungry . An onion's smell as you cut it, which makes your eyes water.  

8. Continue… Unconditioned response (UCR): A response that is natural and needs no training e.g., pulling your hand back after touching a hot plate on the oven. Jumping at the sound of a loud noise.

9. Continue… Conditioned stimulus (CS): A once neutral motivation that has been matching with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response previously caused only by the unconditioned stimulus. Hotel bell: A hotel gatekeeper begins to respond every time he hears the ringing of a bell. Because the bell has become related with the sight of customers needing assistance, the bell has become a conditioned stimulus. Lunch bell: Students hear the sound of a bell right before they are released for lunch

10. Conditioned response (CR): A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus ( e.g ., If you witness a very bad car accident, you might develop a fear of driving. .

11. Extinction Extinction : A basic experience of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. Example: The teacher no longer gives attention (which was supporting) to a student that talks out during instruction Learning shows resistance to extinction. It means that even though the learned response is now reinforced, it would continue to occur for sometime. l

12. Operant conditioning This type of conditioning was first investigated by B.F. Skinner Skinner studied occurrence of voluntary responses when an organism operates on the environment. Operants are those responses, which are emitted by animals and human beings voluntarily

13. Generalization & Discrimination Suppose an organism is conditioned to elicit response ( saliva secretion) on presentation of (sound of bell). After conditioning is established, and another stimulus similar to other stimulus ( eg . Ringing of telephone) is presented, the organism makes the conditioned response to it. This phenomenon of responding similarly to similar stimuli is known as generalization.

14. Discrimination Generalization is due to similarity while discrimination is a response due to difference. Suppose a child is conditioned to be afraid of a person with a long moustache and wearing black clothes. In subsequent situation, when he meets another person dressed in black clothes with beard , the child shows signs of fear The child’s fear is generalized. He meets another stranger who is wearing gray clothes and is clean shaven The child shows no fear

15. D iscrimination : The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently different from one another that one reminds a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli.