Human Body Systems

1. THE HUMAN BODY
•AN ORIENTATION

2. ANATOMY
•The study of the structure and shape of
the body and body parts and their
relationships to one another.

3. TYPES OF ANATOMY
•GROSS
•MICROSCOPIC

4. GROSS ANATOMY
•Whenever we look at our own body or
study large body structures such as the
heart or bones.

5. Microscopic Anatomy
•If a microscope or magnifying
instrument is used to see very small
structures in the body.
•The cells and tissues of the human
body can only be seen through a
microscope.

6. PHYSIOLOGY
•The study of how the body and its parts
work or function.
•Like anatomy it has subdivisions

7. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
•Explains the workings of the nervous
system

8. CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY
•Studies the function of the heart, which
acts as a muscular pump to keep the
blood flowing throughout the body.

9. Relationship between
Anatomy and Physiology
•The parts of your body are combined
and arranged to form a well-organized
unit, and each of those parts has a job
to do to make the body operate as a
whole.

10. Levels of Structural
Organization
•Chemical
•Cellular
•Tissue
•Organ
•Organ System
•Organism

11. CHEMICAL LEVEL
•Atoms combine to form molecules

12. CELLULAR LEVEL
•CELLS ARE MADE UP OF
MOLECULES

13. TISSUE LEVEL
•TISSUES CONSIST OF SIMILAR
TYPES OF CELLS

14. ORGAN LEVEL
•ORGANS ARE MADE UP OF
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TISSUES

15. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
•ORGAN SYTEMS CONSIST OF
DIFFERENT ORGANS THAT WORK
TOGETHER CLOSELY

16. ORGANISM LEVEL
•ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF
MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS

17. Organ System Overview
•Integumentary
•Skeletal
•Muscular
•Nervous
•Endocrine
•Circulatory
•Respiratory
•Digestive
•Urinary
•Reproductive

18. INTEGUMENTARY
•The external covering of the body. It
waterproofs the body and cushions and
protects the deeper tissues from injury.
•It also excretes salts and water in
sweat.
•Regulates body temperature.
•Temperature, pressure, and pain
receptors located in the skin alert us to
what is happening at the body surface.

19. SKELETAL
•Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments
and joints.
•It supports the body and provides a
framework that skeletal muscles can
use to cause movement.
•Protects major organs.
•Stores excess minerals

20. MUSCULAR
•Skeletal muscles of the body have one
function- to contract and shorten.
When this happens, movement occurs.
•These muscles are distinct from
muscles of the heart and of other hollow
organs which move fluids(blood,urine)
or other substances(food) along definite
pathways within the body.

21. NERVOUS
•It is the bodies fast-acting control
system.
•It consists of the brain, spinal cord,
nerves, and sensory receptors.
•The body must be able to detect stimuli
on the inside and outside of the body.
•This is done via electrical signals called
nerve impulses.

22. ENDOCRINE
•Produces chemical molecules called
hormones and release them into the blood to
travel to relatively distant target organs.
•The pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals,
thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries(female),
and testes(male) all produce hormones that
control body functions.
•Growth, reproduction, and food use by cells
are all controlled using hormones.

23. CIRCULATORY
•It is the transport and delivery system of
the body.
•The primary organs of the
cardiovascular system are the heart
and blood vessels.

24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•ENABLES YOU TO BREATHE.
•THE LUNGS ARE THE MAIN ORGANS
OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

25. UPPER RESPIRATORY
•UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
•NOSE
•PHARYNX
•LARYNX
•TRACHEA
•BRONCHI

26. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
•GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENT AND RESPIRATORY
ORGANS

27. INTERNAL RESPIRATION
•GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN CELLS
AND THE BLOOD

28. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
•THE PROCESS OF BREAKING DOWN
FOOD, USING OXYGEN TO MAKE
ENERGY FOR THE CELLS.

29. Respiration
•SUPPLY CELLS WITH OXYGEN
•REMOVE CARBON DIOXIDE

30. WHEN YOU INHALE
•OXYGEN GOES FROM THE
•ALVEOLI
•INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS)
•BLOOD

31. WHEN YOU EXHALE
•Co2 GOES FROM THE BLOOD
•INTERSTITIAL FLUID (LUNGS)
•ALVEOLI
•NOSE / MOUTH

32. Pressure Gradient
•Before you take a breath the air
pressure inside your lungs is equal to
the pressure in the atmosphere.
•When you inhale the pressure is less
than in the atmosphere.
•When you exhale the pressure is
greater than in the atmosphere.

33. TRACHEA
•TUBULAR PASSAGE FOR AIR

34. EXTERNAL NOSE
•Made of bone and pliable cartilage, and
covered with skin and lined with
mucous membranes
•Blood vessels WARMS AIR BEFORE
ENTERING THE LUNGS
•FILTERING PARTICLES FROM THE
AIR BEFORE IT ENTERS THE LUNGS

35. PHARYNX
•NASOPHARYNX
•OROPHARYNX
•LARYGOPHARYNX: Connects with the
larynx(voice box) and the esophagus
•EPIGLOTTIS: Valve at the top of the throat that
closes when you swallow to keep food from
entering the lower airway causing you to choke.

36. LUNGS
•Divided into 2 parts.
•The broad lower half is called the base.
It is concave and fits onto the convex
portion of the diaphragm.
•The narrow upper part is called the
apex

37. LUNGS
•THE RIGHT SIDE HAS 3 LOBES AND
THE LEFT SIDE HAS 2 BECAUSE IT
SHARES SPACE WITH THE HEART.

38. LUNGS
•Primary breathing organ
•Two cone-shaped organs in the
thoracic cavity.
•Protected by the pleural membrane

39. TRACHEA
•LEFT Primary Bronchus leads to the left
lung.
•Right Primary Bronchus leads to the
right lung.
•After entering the lung each primary
bronchus divides into smaller and
smaller BRONCHI, which are called
Bronchioles.

40. Alveoli
•Small air-filled sacs
•The ending of the bronchioles.
•Millions of them together make up our
lungs.

41. Pleural Membrane
•Surrounds and protects the lungs
•Those membranes are connected.
•They are separated by a microscopic
layer of water that allows them to slide
against each other without pain or
discomfort.
•Inflammation of this lining will cause
major discomfort.

42. Maintaining Life:
Necessary Life Functions
•Maintaining boundaries, move, respond
to environmental changes, take in and
digest nutrients, carry out metabolism,
dispose of waste, reproduction, and
growth.

43. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
•Name the levels of structure that make
up the human body and explain how
they are related.
•Name the organ systems of the body
and briefly state the major functions of
each system.
•Classify by organ system all organs
discussed.
•Identify the organs shown on a
diagram.

44. THE WORK OF THE HEART
•THE MUSCLE THAT ACTS AS A
PUMP FOR THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.( HEART)

45. BLOOD PRESSURE
•THE FORCE OF THE BLOOD
PUSHING AGAINST THE WALLS OF
THE BLOOD VESSELS.
•SYSTOLIC: the pressure when your
heart contracts
•Diastolic: the pressure when your heart
relaxes

46. PARTS OF THE BLOOD
•PLASMA: MADE OF 92% H20; TRANSPORT
BLOOD CELLS AND DISSOLVE FOOD
•RED BLOOD CELLS: CARRIES O2 TO THE
OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY AND
CARRIES AWAY SOME WASTE.
•WHITE BLOOD CELLS: DESTROYS
DISEASE CAUSING GERMS.
•PLATELETS: HELPS YOUR BLOOD CLOT

47. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•Energy is your key to life
•Your body uses food as energy
•Food is converted into energy
•Food helps the body grow tissue and
produce new cells
•Your body breaks down food through
the digestive system

48. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•The process of breaking down food is
called digestion
•The digestive system is an open
system( 2 openings; in/out)

49. Gastrointestinal Tract
•Organs of the G.I. tract include:
•Mouth
•Pharynx
•Esophagus
•Stomach
•Small intestines
•Large intestines

50. Accessory Structures of the
Digestive System
•Teeth
•Tongue
•Salivary Glands
•Liver
•Gall Bladder
•Pancreas

51. Digestion Terminology
•Ingestion: The voluntary action of
placing food in your mouth.
•Digestion: the breakdown of food by
chemical and mechanical processes.
•Peristalsis: The movement of food
along the digestive tract

52. Digestion Terminology
•Absorption: the passage of digested
food from the digestive tract into the
cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
•Defecation: the elimination of
indigestible substances from the body

53. The Stomach
•Food is broken down into a substance
called Chyme(processed food) that
looks like heavy cream.
•Located on the left side of your body
behind your liver and diaphragm
•Gastric juices and hydrochloric acid are
secreted by your stomach
•Chyme travels to the small intestine via
the pyloric sphincter

54. Stomach Emptying Rate
•High volume of chyme in the small
intestine
•Acidic pH in the small intestine
•High volume of fat in the small intestine

55. Small Intestines
•Divided into 3 section
•1. Duodenum: iron and calcium most
actively absorbed
•2. Jejunum: proteins and carbohydrates
•3. Ileum: fats, bile salts, and vitamins

56. Small Intestine
•Secretes enzymes into food that helps
break down solids so they can enter the
blood.
•Blood carries food particles to all parts
of the body.