Hydroelectric Energy and it’s importance - Green Energy.pptx

A research paper on Hydroelectric Energy and it’s importance.

1. THEME: Green Energy MENTOR/ GUIDE NAME: Ms. Shraddha Oberoi DESIGNATION: Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT/ SCHOOL: School of Law Hydroelectric Energy and it’s Importance

2. RESEARCHERS/ STUDENTS S.No. Name of Student School Programme 1. Shradha Mathur School of Law B.Com LLB 2. Prakash Kumar School of Law B.Com LLB 3. Sikander Khatana School of Law BBA LLB

3. INTRODUCTION The term "hydroelectric power" refers to electricity generated by turbines that use the potential energy of falling or swiftly flowing water to power generators. The most popular renewable energy source in the early 21st century was hydroelectricity, which in 2019 accounted for more than 18% of the world's total power producing capacity. Water is gathered or stored at a higher elevation during the production of hydroelectric power and then transported through substantial pipes or tunnels (penstocks) to a lower elevation; the difference between these two elevations is referred to as the head. The falling water turns turbines as it nears the bottom of the pipelines. In turn, the turbines power generators, which transfer the mechanical energy of the turbines into electricity. The alternating voltage suited for the generators is then transformed by transformers into a greater voltage suitable for long-distance transmission. The powerhouse is the building that contains the turbines and generators as well as the pipes or penstocks that feed into it.

4. INTRODUCTION In order to raise the level of the water behind the dam and create as much of a head as possible, hydroelectric power plants are typically built into dams that impound rivers. A high-head system needs less water than a low-head installation does to create the same amount of power because the potential power that may be obtained from a volume of water is directly proportional to the working head. In certain dams, the powerhouse is built on one of the dam's flanks, with the remaining portion serving as a spillway for the outflow of extra water during floods. The powerhouse might be placed inside the dam itself when the river flows through a constrained, steep gorge. The demand for electricity changes significantly during the day in most localities. Pumped-storage hydroelectric facilities are periodically built to balance the load on the generators. Some of the surplus electricity is provided to the generator, which is used as a motor to drive the turbine that pumps water into the higher reservoir during off-peak hours. The water is then permitted to flow through the turbine once more to produce electricity during times of high demand. Systems with pumped storage are effective and offer a cost-effective alternative to handle peak loads.

5. INTRODUCTION To take advantage of the rise and fall of tides, hydroelectric power facilities have been built in some coastal regions, such as the estuary of the Rance River in Brittany, France. Water is retracted into one or more reservoirs when the tide comes in. These reservoirs' water is discharged at low tide to power electric generators and hydraulic turbines that are connected to them (see tidal power). One of the three main energy sources utilised to produce electricity, together with fossil and nuclear fuels, is falling water. In comparison to these other sources, hydroelectric electricity offers some advantages. Due to the hydrologic cycle's recurrent nature, it is perpetually renewed. There is no thermal pollution as a result. Hydroelectric power is a favoured energy source in places with heavy rainfall and with hilly or mountainous regions that are reasonably close to the main load centres (however certain dams can release methane from the decomposition of plants beneath water).

6. INTRODUCTION The long high-voltage transmission lines may be necessary for some major hydro sites that are far from load centres. Small local hydroelectric facilities may also be cost-effective, especially if they produce both electricity and water at the same time. Many of the detrimental effects of hydroelectric power on the environment are caused by the related dams, which can obstruct salmon migrations and permanently submerge or uproot natural and human communities as the reservoirs fill. Hydroelectric dams are also susceptible to water constraint. Due to the region's historic drought conditions, Oroville Dam, one of California's largest hydroelectric power plants, was forced to close in August 2021.

7. LITERATURE REVIEW Hydroelectric Energy by Tamra B Orr Energy from Oceans and Moving Water by Ruth Owen Hydroelectric Energy - Renewable Energy and the Environment by Bikash Pandey , Ajoy Karki Major Funding Opportunities Discussed at Water Power Technologies Office Semiannual Stakeholder Webinar, November 30, 2022 Hydroelectric Energy, National Geographic Society Sustainable hydropower in the 21st century, PNAS Sustainability of hydropower as source of renewable and clean energy, IOP Science

8. RESEARCH GAP 1. The good and bad influence of the hydropower resource development Hydropower development will lead to favorable or adverse effects on the local development and the environment. Firstly, hydropower is the renewable energy which can be exploited commercially, so accelerate the development of hydropower will help to improve our electric power industry structure. Secondly, hydropower development will lead to ecological and environmental protection issues, such as resettlement, sedimentation, the effect on the fish and biodiversity, and the change of land and cultural relics submerged, physical phenomena on the up and downstream, which were caused by Construction of Hydraulic and Hydroelectric Projects need to be properly addressed. 2. Immigrants Problems Because of lacking investment and other conditions, some projects focuses on the development of project construction and not take a long-term point of view about the immigrants in the hydropower development area, so it will causes the instability because of many immigrants lost their lands and did not have the condition to maintain their livelihood. The next step the station will pay attention to the continued safety of the immigrants with the introduction of relevant national measures. At the same time, the idea of hydropower development should be changed; our country should put the hydropower development and improvement of living conditions of immigrants closely together. The future hydropower development should focus on this theme that Hydropower development must arrange immigration prior to construction, and make immigrants gradually get rich.

9. OBJECTIVES 1. Will i t help in irrigation facilities? 2. Will it help in the generation of electricity? 3. Will it help in the flood control? 4. Will it help in Employment generation? Irrigation facility is available for 60 percent of the total land area. In 1950, irrigation facility was available to only 20 percent of the total land area. This increase was made possible by hydel projects. The food output has therefore, increased considerably.The food output has increased almost four times the production level at the time of Independence. But this increase is due to many factors like increased irrigation facility, availability of fertilizers, pesticides, technical knowledge, hybrid high yielding seeds etc.

10. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Type of Research: Doctrin al Research Target sample: NIL Type of Sampling: NIL Sample Size: NIL Tools to be used: NIL

11. PROPOSED HYPOTHESIS This Research focuses on adverse environmental effects of Hydroelectric Power and will try to propose a theory that can eliminate the same.

12. PROPOSED CONTRIBUTION Hydropower does not discharge pollutants into the environment; however, it is not free from adverse environmental effects. Considerable efforts have been made to reduce environmental problems associated with hydropower operations, such as providing safe fish passage and improved water quality in the past decade at both Federal facilities and non-Federal facilities licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Efforts to ensure the safety of dams and the use of newly available computer technologies to optimize operations have provided additional opportunities to improve the environment. Yet, many unanswered questions remain about how best to maintain the economic viability of hydropower in the face of increased demands to protect fish and other environmental resources. Reclamation actively pursues research and development (R&D) programs to improve the operating efficiency and the environmental performance of hydropower facilities.

13. LIMITATIONS The following research is limited to the country, India.

14. REFERENCES https://www.britannica.com https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032115000106 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032109002779 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705812008004?ref=cra_js_challenge&fr=RR-1 https://www.greengeeks.in/blog/hydroelectric-energy/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318724431_Hydropower_Its_Amazing_Potential-_A_Theoretical_Perspective

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