Ice making and manufacturing

Definition , HIstory , Evolution , Working Principle , Types of Ice Making Machines etc

1. Ice Making And Cold Storage Performed By: Group H Mirza Zaki Baig (1708-2017) Sheheryar Mirza (1708-2017) Muhammad Haris (1708-2017) Syed Shaheryar Shah (1708-2017) Syed Minhaj Ur Rehman (1708-2017 ) Muhammad Shazil Tahir Minhas (1708-2017 )

2. Definition: Ice Can Be Defined As: ˮIce is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.ˮ

3. Do you know the difference between Ice and Snow? “Snow is nothing but the frozen atmospheric vapour which falls in winter on earth as light flakes whereas ice is simply frozen water”

4. History: In 1748 , the first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the University of Glasgow . (Not Practically Performed) Oliver Evans , an American inventor designed the first refrigeration machine in 1805 t o provide ice at reasonable rate . (Not Practically Performed ) In 1834 ,  Jacob Perkins  also known as father of refrigeration built the first practical refrigerating machine using ether in a vapor compression cycle . In 1844 , an American physician,  John Gorrie , built a refrigerator based on Oliver Evans' design to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients. In 1853 ,  Alexander Twining  was awarded U.S. Patent 10221 for an icemaker. Twining’s experiments led to the development of the first commercial refrigeration system, built in 1856 . He also established the first artificial method of producing ice.

5. History: In 1867 , Andrew Muhl built an ice-making machine in San Antonio, Texas, In 1873 , the patent for this machine was contracted by the Columbus Iron Works ,  which produced the world's first commercial icemakers. In 1876 , German engineer  Carl von Linde  patented the process of liquefying gas that would later become an important part of basic refrigeration technology  Professor Jurgen Hans is credited with the invention of the first ice machine to produce edible ice in 1929 .   In 1932 he founded a company called Kulinda and started manufacturing edible ice,.

6. Evolution of Ice Machines/Refrigerants: The ice machines from the late 1800s to the 1930s used toxic gases such as  ammonia  (NH3),  methyl chloride  (CH3Cl), and  sulfur dioxide  (SO2) as refrigerants. During the 1920s , several fatal accidents were registered. They were caused by the refrigerators leaking methyl chloride. In the quest of replacing dangerous refrigerants – collaborative research ensued in American corporations. The result of this research was the discovery of  Freon . In 1930 , General Motors and DuPont formed Kinetic Chemicals to produce Freon, which would later become the standard for almost all consumer and industrial refrigerators. The Freon produced back then was chlorofluorocarbon , a moderately toxic gas causing ozone depletion .

7. Principle of Ice Making “All  refrigeration equipment is made of four key components; the evaporator, the condenser, the compressor and the throttle valve” Ice machines all work the same way. The function of the compressor is to compress low-pressure refrigerant vapour to high-pressure vapour, and deliver it to the condenser. Here , the high-pressure vapour is condensed into high-pressure liquid, and drained out through the throttle valve to become low-pressure liquid. At this point, the liquid is conducted to the evaporator, where heat exchanging occurs, and ice is created .

8. Compressor Expansion Valve Evaporator Condenser Air-cooled or Water cooled Condenser Liquid & Vapour Liquid Refrigerant Vapour Vapour Refrigeration Cycle

9. Flake ice machine Flake ice is made of the mixture of brine and water ( max 500 g [18 oz] salt per ton of water), in some cases, can be directly made from brine water. 

10. Construction E vaporator of flake ice machine is a vertically placed drum-shape stainless steel container, equipped with rotating blade which spins and scratches the ice off the inner wall of drum.

11. Working When operating, the principal shaft and blade spins anti-clockwise pushed by the reducer . Water is sprayed down from sprinkler ; ice is formed from water brine on inner wall. The water tray at the bottom catches the cold water while deflecting Ice and re-circulates it back into sump . S ump will typically use a float valve to fill as needed. This system utilizes a low temperature condensing unit; like all ice machines.

12. Cube icemaker Cube ice machines are classified as small ice machines Common capacities range from 30 kg (66 lb) to 1,755 kg (3,869 lb). Since the emergence of cube ice machines in the 1970s, they have evolved into a diverse family of ice machines. 

13. Construction Cube ice machines are classified as small ice machine. Common capacities range from 30 kg (66 lb) to 1,755 kg (3,869 lb). Since the emergence of cube ice machines in the 1970s, they have evolved into a diverse family of ice machines.

14. Working . The refrigerant circulates inside pipes of self-contained evaporator, where it conducts the heat exchange with water, and freezes the water into ice cubes. When the water is thoroughly frozen into ice, it is automatically released, and falls into the ice bin. Ice machines can have either a self-contained refrigeration system where the compressor is built into the unit, or a remote refrigeration system where the refrigeration components are located elsewhere, often the roof of the business

15. Tube ice generator  A tube ice generator is an ice generator in which the water is frozen in tubes that are extended vertically within a surrounding casing—the freezing chamber

16. Construction Tube ice is formed on the inner surface of vertical tubes and is produced in the form of small hollow cylinders of about 50 x 50 mm with a wall thickness of 10 to 12 mm . The tube ice plant arrangement is similar to a shell and tube condenser with the water on the inside of the tubes and the refrigerant (Ammonia) filling the space between the tubes. 

17. Working . The machine is operated automatically on a time cycle and the tubes of ice are released by a hot gas defrost process. As the ice drops from the tubes a cutter chops the ice into suitable lengths, nominally 50 mm, but this is adjustable .. The discharge system from the plant incorporates an ice .The usual operating temperature of this type of plant is -8°C to - 10°C The production capacity of the tube ice machine is a function of the evaporating temperature, the temperature of the feed water and the length of the freezing cycle.

18. Freezer icemakers Automatic icemakers for the home were first offered by the Servel company around 1953 . They are usually found inside the freezer compartment of a  refrigerator . They produce crescent-shaped ice cubes from a metal  mold.

19. Construction Later automatic icemakers in  refrigerators use a flexible plastic mold. When the ice cubes are frozen, which is sensed by a  Thermistor

20. Working . An electromechanical or electronic timer first opens a solenoid valve for a few seconds, allowing the mold to fill with water from the domestic cold water supply. The timer then closes the valve and lets the ice freeze for about 30 minutes. Then , the timer turns on a low-power electric heating element inside the mold for several seconds, to melt the ice cubes slightly so they will not stick to the mold. Finally , the timer runs a rotating arm that scoops the ice cubes out of the mold and into a bin, and the cycle repeats.

21. Portable icemakers Portable icemakers are units that can fit on a countertop. They are the fastest and smallest icemakers on the market.

22. Construction It is made up of sheet metal parts assembly and contains internal components and other components are almost same as freezer icemakers

23. Working . The water is pumped into a small tube with metal pegs immersed in the water. The water is pumped from the bottom of the reservoir to the freeze tray. The pegs use a heating and cooling system inside to freeze the water around them   Ice begins to form in a matter of minutes, however, the size of ice cubes depends on the freezing cycle - a longer cycle results in thicker cubes. Portable icemakers will not keep the ice from melting, but the appliance will recycle the water to make more ice. Once the storage tray is full, the system will turn off automatically

24. Some useful Links: . https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icemaker http:// mechdiploma.com/explain-construction-and-working-ice-plant-neat-sketch http :// www.icelings.net/product/Tube-Ice-Making-Process http:// www.fao.org/3/Y5013E/y5013e05.htm http://www.ytoceanblue.com/ice-flaker-evaporator-drum/# ad-image-0 https://www.coastdistributors.com.au/content/service_manuals/FFAR_1_-_ 3.2_service_manual.pdf https://global.rakuten.com/en/store/chuubou/item/sim-s3500 / https://biolabscientific.com/content/images/products/Ice-Flaker-BIFL-203-BIFL-203-40-kg-24-h-15-kg-biochemical-and-biological-studies-m0-Biolab.jpg https://berg-group.com/products/ice-making/5-to-50-tons-shell-ice-machines/