Idealism

Explaining the idealism concepts, its history, and idealism in the education.

1. Philosophical Psychology: Idealism PRESENTED BY: KAIYISAH NURULSYAKUR BINTI YUSOF (G1628472) NUR ILANAH SALSABILA BINTI AWANG (G124380) PRESENTED FOR: DR. NIK SURYANI BT. NIK ABD. RAHMAN INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA ADVANCED PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION (EDC 6304)

2. Contents Definition of Idealism Concept of Idealism Idealist Types of Idealism Theories Movements in Philosophy of Idealism in Education Development of Idealism Idealism as a Philosophy of Education Critique of Idealism

3. Definition of Idealism A philosophical orientation emphasizing mind or spirit as the pre- eminent feature of life. Contrast with Materialism.

4. Concept of Idealism Idealism is employed in philosophy, the mental work of experience is foundational to all science and for that matter all knowledge. It would be impossible to know anything apart from consciousness or experience. Thus, the mental work (experience, awareness, consciousness) has priority – it is the only world to which we have immediate access.

5. Idealists For the idealist, psychology is the science that studies mental processes and experience. An idealist would argue that all science begins with experience and is about experience. Thus, it is the mind or the mental world that has ontological status. The material world is a construction – a mere by- a product of a more important reality. Many of the key figures in the history of psychology has identified with idealism. Examples include: Socrates, Plato, Augustine, Immanuel Kant, George Berkeley, and George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

6. Types of Idealism Theories

7. Movements in Philosophy of Idealism in Education ( Ozmon and Craver 2008 ) Development of Idealism b. Idealism as a Philosophy of Education c. Critique of Idealism

8. Development of Idealism

9. “People should concern themselves in searching for truth” Importance and use of dialectic (or critical discussion) 2 worlds: world of ideas (forms) and world of matter (ever-changing) People do not create knowledge, but rather they discover it. Platonic Idealism (Plato 427-347 B.C.E)

10. Religious Idealism Idealism has exerted considerable influence on religion Religion – God as Universal Good, Idealism- Truth as Universal Good

11. Religious Idealism Augustine (354 – 430 C.E.) Augustine believed that the senses were unreliable and that belief in God rests ultimately on faith . “We must first believe, i n order that we may know .” He believed that God already created knowledge, and people can discover it through trying to find God . Learning must come from within and all true knowledge comes from God .

12. Modern Idealism 1. George Berkeley (1685-1753 C.E.) All existence depends on some mind to know it; if no minds exist, then for all intents and purposes nothing exists unless it is perceived by the mind of God . Philosophical realism- that material world exists independent of mind . His main purpose is to make evident the existence of God and to prove that God is the true cause of all things .

13. Modern Idealism 2. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 C.E .) Wrote books: Critique of pure reason and Critique of practical reason. To Kant, the essence of education should not be simply training; the important thing was enlightenment , or teaching a child to think according to principles as opposed to mere random behavior.

14. Modern Idealism 3. George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831 C.E.) 3 important books: Phenomenology of Mind, Logic, and Philosophy of Right. 3 major aspects of his system: logic, nature and spirit. Spirit is the final stage or synthesis of Idea and Nature. Hegel’s idealism is most apparent – the search for final Absolute Spirit. “ to be truly educated, an individual must pass through the various stages of the cultural evolution of humankind.”

15. Idealism as a Philosophy of Education Educational Aims of Idealism Methods of Education Curriculum Role of the Teacher

16. Educational Aims of Idealism

17. Methods of Education Dialectic (Plato) Intuitive approach ( A ugustine) Great books (modern idealists) Lecture method Other idealist’s methodology: projects, supplemental activities, library research and artwork. Self-directed activity

18. Curriculum Teach students to think. Idealists think that humans can become more noble and rational by developing the ability to think . Educational materials like reading materials Teacher should encourage and help students to explore curriculum materials for ideas .

19.   Roles of T eachers Assist students in choosing important material. Serve as exemplary models. Teachers are expected to encourage students to ask questions and to provide a suitable environment for learning . Socratic characteristics (analyzing, discussing with others) – encourage their students to better their thinking. Infuses them with a desire to improve their thinking in the deepest possible way .

20. Critique of Idealism in Education