immunising agents - vaccines types immunization schedule

bsc nursing students gnm students community health nursing

1. IMMUNIZING AGENTS

2. IMMUNIZING AGENTS Vaccines Immunoglobulins Antisera

3. VACCINES These are the antigenic substances which when administered in an individual, stimulate the production of specific antibodies and protects the individual against that particular disease.

4. First vaccine developed - Small pox First vaccine was developed by - Edward Jenner

5. Types of Vaccines Live Vaccines Killed Vaccines Subunit Vaccines Combinations

6. 1. Live or Attenuated Vaccines Are prepared from repeated passage of organisms in tissue culture or chick embryo. Attenuation - Reduced pathogenicity/ Virulence; Maintained antigenicity/ immunogenicity. Usually they are given in single dose . Live vaccines should not be given to persons with immunodeficiency states like AIDS, steroid therapy, chemotherapy for malignancy and acute febrile conditions.

7. BCG OPV Measles Mumps Rubella Typhoid Varicella Rotavirus Cholera Yellow fever LIVE VACCINES

8. 2. Killed or Inactivated Vaccines Organisms killed by heat or chemicals stimulate active immunity Safe but less efficacious than live vaccines Usually they are given in multiple doses in the primary course followed by booster dose subsequently Usually administered by IM or SC

9. KILLED VACCINES IPV Influenza Rabies JE Typhus HAV Pertussis Plague Cholera TBE

10. SUBUNIT VACCINES it includes only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system Toxoids Protein vaccines Recombinant vaccine Polysaccharide vaccines Conjugated vaccine

11. Toxoids Highly efficacious Safe immunizing agents Diphtheria Tetanus Acellular pertussis Anthrax Influenza subunit

12. Protein vaccines Acellular pertussis Influenza subunit vaccine

13. Recombinant protein vaccine The genes encoding any immunogenic protein can be cloned and expressed in bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells using recombinant DNA technology The first such recombinant antigen vaccine approved for human use is the hepatitis B vaccine This vaccine was developed by cloning the gene for the major surface antigen of Herpes B virus ( HBsAg ) and expressing it in yeast cells.

14. Polysaccharide based vaccines They are prepared from extracted cellular fractions e.g. : meningococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall, the pneumococcal vaccine from the polysaccharide contained in the capsule of the organism and hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.

15. Conjugated vaccine Polysaccharides are poor in activating B-cells to production of antibodies in children younger than 2 yr of age.

16. Combinations more than one antigen mixed vaccines e.g.: DPT, DT, MMR, Hep A and B, Hep A and Typhoid, DPT - Hep B - Hib . Polyvalent vaccine : polio, influenza vaccines

17. Advantages: simplified administration reduced costs reduced the no of visits reduce the storage cost

18. Antibiotics: eg : MMR, IPV vaccine contains less than 25 micrograms of neomycin per dose.

19. IMMUNOGLOBULINS

20. Two types immunoglobulin preparations are available for passive immunization: Normal human immunoglobulin Specific (hyper immune) human immunoglobulin

21. Normal human immunoglobulin This is prepared from the pooled plasma of at least 1000 donors. It consists of IgG . It produces instantaneous but temporary immunity. It is used to prevent measles in highly susceptible individuals and to provide temporary protection ( upto 12 weeks) against hepatitis A.

22. This should not be given simultaneously along with live vaccines because this IgG will interfere with the development of immunity . If this is given first, live vaccine should not be given for 12 weeks and if live vaccines is given first, this should not be given for 2 weeks.

23. Specific (hyper immune) human immunoglobulin This is prepared from the plasma of those persons, who have been recently immunised of recovered from the disease. This is highly safe, effective and costly. Passive immunity lasts longer than normal human immunoglobulins . e.g. human rabies immunoglobulin ( HRIg ), human tetanus immunoglobulins ( HTIg ), hepatitis B immunoglobulin ( HBIg ), varicella zoster immunoglobulin ( VZIg ).

24. ANTI SERA or ANTITOXINS

25. These are the specific immunoglobulins prepared from the plasma of immunised animals, such as horses. They are cheap and less effective. Immunity lasts for about 2-3 weeks only.

26. Reactions are frequent because of animal protein, so test dose is a must. e.g. anti-tetanus serum (ATS), anti-diphtheria serum (ADS), Equine rabies immunoglobulin ( ERIg ), anti-snake venom, anti-gas gangrene serum.

27. THANK YOU…