Immunoprophylaxis

This slide share to study about the immunization, immunoglobulins or antibodies and vaccines for Undergraduate and postgraduate students in biological sciences

1. Dr. J.ARULRAJ., M.Sc., M.Phil. , B.Ed., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam West-625 234. Madurai District Tamil Nadu India

2. IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

3. Introduction Immunology is the study of resistance or defense against infections or the study of the defense system of the body. Immune system The defense against infections is brought about by a system called immune system. The immune system is formed of lymphoid organs and immune cells. The lymphoid organs include Bone marrow, Thymus (Primary Lymphoid organs) Bursa of Fabricus (Birds), Spleen, Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels Peyer’s patches, MALT, GALT, Trap antigen, APC etc. (Secondary Lymphoid organs) The cells of the immune system includes WBC, Lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, Macrophages etc.

4. History of Immunology Thucididas (430 B.C) – He understood about the phenomenon of immunity. People who were attacked by Plague disease could not get the fear of the second attack of the disease. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) – He prepared first vaccine for cow pox from dairy workers. He also understood about the inoculation. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) – Father of Immunology, discovered attenuated vaccine. And also worked on the common diseases such as anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies. He used unnatural hosts for preparing vaccines against small pox and rabies. Metchnikoff (1845-1916) – He discovered cell mediated immunity and phagocytosis . George Nuttal (1888) and Pfeiffer (1894) – He showed serum substance in blood which killed the bacteria or Bactericidal effect and cholera bacilli were destroyed by serum containing antibodies in guinea pigs respectively.

5. Emil Von Behring (1854-1917) – He developed diphtheria immunization and antiserum therapy. Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) – He formulated a theory of antibody formation and transfer of immunity from mother to the offspring. Robert koch (1843-1910) – He identified causative agents of tuberculosis and cholera and introduced staining techniques for bacterial strains. Ralph M.Steinman (2011) – Role of dendritic cells in human immune response. Beutler and Hoffmann (2011) – Awarded Nobel Prize for their work on Toll like receptors (TLR).

6. Normal adult blood-cell counts

7. IMMUNITY Innate Acquired (Non-specific or natural or native) Specific or adaptive A ctive Passive Natural Artificial Natural Artificial Fig.2. Classification of Immunity

8. Meaning of immunity Immunity is carried out by the process of recognition and disposal of non-self or foreign material that enters the body. The Non-self is the infectious microorganisms or it may be tissue grafts or cancer cells. Two types : innate immunity and acquired immunity Innate immunity is inherited along with birth. E.g., Sweat has a bactericidal effect. Tears contains an enzyme called lysozyme . It helps to lyse bacteria. Acquired immunity is obtained during the life time. It is an adaptation. Hence it is also called adaptive immunity. It’s types Humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity In humoral immunity the pathogens are killed by antibodies. In cell mediated immunity the pathogens are killed by phagocytosis and toxins.

9. Definition Immunoprophylaxis refers to the prevention of diseases by immunization. E.g., Bacterial and Viral diseases Tuberculosis, Pertussis, Tetanus, Small pox, Chicken pox, Measles.

10. IMMUNIZATION Immunization is a process of developing resistance to infections by injecting antigens or antibodies. The resistance to infection can be brought about by two methods, namely: a. Active immunization b. Passive immunization

11. Active Passive Natural Artificial Natural Artificial IMMUNIZATION Fig.3. Classification of Immunization

12. I. Active Immunization In active immunization the individual is injected with an antigen to induce an immune response against an infection. This immunization has brought direct benefit to human beings and domestic animals. For example, active immunization with cowpox vaccine is responsible for the complete eradication of small pox from human beings. Similarly active immunization with vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis has made these diseases rare in many countries.

13. The active immunization may be of two types, namely: 1.Natural Active Immunization Natural active immunization refers to the development of resistance to infection due to naturally occurring infections. For example, a person attacked by measles or small pox develops natural immunity as he recovers from the disease. The immunity acquired by way of such infections is long lasting. Such a person will not contact the same disease for the second time during his life. 2.Artificial Active Immunization Artificial active immunization refers to the development of resistance to infections owing to vaccines.

14. II. Passive Immunization Passive immunization refers to the development of resistance to an infection in a non-immune individual by the administration of sensitized lymphocytes or serum antibodies. Passive immunization could give immediate relief or rapid protection in an emergency. The passive immunization may be of two types, namely: 1. Natural passive immunization 2. Artificial passive immunization

15. 1.Natural Passive Immunization The immunity transferred from the mother to the child through the placenta and milk is known as natural passive immunization. Before birth the antibodies of mother pass into the blood of newborn through the placenta. IgG antibodies are transferred through the placenta; the other types of antibodies cannot pass through the placenta. After birth antibodies are passively transferred to the babies through colostrum. The breast fed babies can absorb the antibodies directly from the colostrum through the intestine. Till 3 months of age the baby does not develop any proper immune mechanism. However, the baby is well protected upto 5 months against various infections by the maternal antibodies, it had received from the mother.

16. 2. Artificial Passive Immunization The artificial transfer of antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes from an immunized donor to a non-immune recipient is called artificial passive immunization. The antibodies transferred in artificial passive immunity may be homologous antibodies or heterologous antibodies. When the antibodies are transferred between two individuals of the same species, that is man to man, the antibodies are called homologous antibodies. When antibodies of one species of animal are transferred to another species, that is from horse to man or vice versa, the antibodies are called heterologous antibodies.

17. Immunizing agents Immunoglobulins Vaccines Anti-toxins Human gamma globulin Live Killed Toxoid Diphtheria Hepatitis A BCG TAB Diphtheria Tetanus Measles Oral polio Whooping cough Tetanus Gas gangrene Small pox Yellow fever Plague Botulism Mumps Measles Rabies Rabies Tetanus Rubella Polio Chicken Pox Mumps Flu Typhus

18. Immunizing agents The immunizing agents used in immunoprophylaxis are broadly classified into two categories: Immunoglobulins and Vaccines Immunoglobulins or Antibodies – May or may not react with antigen. When an immunoglobulin react with an antigen, it is called an antibody. When it does not react with an antigen. It is simply called immunoglobulin.All antibodies are immunoglobulins . But all immunoglobulins may not be antibodies. Immunoglobulins are immunological missiles produced by the body to kill pathogens. Immunoglobulins are like arrows coming from bows or bullets coming out from pistols. They are found in the serum, body fluids and tissues. Eg ., Antitoxins -Diphtheria, Tetanus, Immuno Gamma Globulin -Hepatitis A, Mumps

19. General Functions of Immunoglobulins The main function of Immunoglobulins is to protect the body against the invading microorganisms. It is carried out in two different ways namely: 1. Direct Attack of Immunoglobulins on the Pathogens Agglutination, Precipitation, Neutralization, Lysis , Opsonization , Tissue fixation, Selective transport 2. Activation of the complement System Opsonization and phagocytosis , Lysis , Chemotaxis , Activation of mast cells and basophils

20. VACCINES Vaccine is an antigenic preparation of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses or their products administered for prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. A vaccine contains a disease causing microorganism or its toxin or one of its surface proteins in small doses. Vaccines are classified into the following types: Homologous vaccines – Cholera vaccine Heterologous vaccines – Cellular vaccines – Polio vaccine sub-cellular vaccines – Toxins and chemicals of microbes Attenuated vaccines – Prepared from live microbes-BCG vaccine (No need for booster vaccine) Inactivated or killed vaccine – Prepared from killed microbes-Whooping cough vaccine (Booster vaccine needed) Toxoid vaccine - prepared from toxins of microbes- Diphtheria and Tetanus vaccine

21. Sub-unit Vaccines – Prepared from the polysaccharide or protein units of bacteria Recombinant Vaccines – Prepared by applying recombinant technique Mixed or Combined Vaccines – Triple vaccine, TAB etc. Autogenous Vaccines – vaccine are obtained from the patient Freezed -dried Vacciens – much more solid than liquid vaccines – Small pox vaccine, BCG vaccine and Yellow fever vaccine Antiviral Vaccines – used against viral infections – Rabies, mumps, measles, polio, yellow fever, small pox, influenza Antibacterial Vaccines – used against bacterial infections- plague, cholera, tuberculosis, tetanus, diphtheria, typhoid etc. anti- rickettsial Vaccines – includes epidemic and endemic typhus

22. Time of Immunization Immunization is carried out in two ways, namely: 1. Routine immunization – fixed and regular way of doing immunization E.g., Polio, Tetanus, Whooping cough 2. Immunization on special circumstances – sudden outbreaks of certain diseases E.g., Cholera, Plague, Typhoid fever, Yellow fever

23. NEW VACCINES IN INDIA The Measles Rubella (MR) vaccines, Rotavirus Vaccine and Japanese Encephalitis vaccine. The pentavalent vaccine is a combination of five vaccines in one: Diphtheria, Tetanus, Whooping Cough, Hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenza type b (the bacteria that causes meningitis, pneumonia and otitis ). Importance of Vaccines The body develops immunity. Infectious diseases are prevented. Certain diseases are treated. E.g., Diphtheria, tetanus etc. Snake bite is treated. Small pox, polio etc. are eradicated from humans by vaccines

24. CONCLUSION i . Vaccination is an effective prophylactic method for controlling threatful diseases in Human beings as well as domestic animals. ii. It is preventing the pathogenecity, decreased the mortality rate and increased the survival of the children. iii. Use of vaccination as a prophylactic measure against diseases in human is considered as an effective alternative to antibiotic use. iv. Vaccines are relatively expensive and since they are very specific to particular pathogens, there is a need for developing and using number of vaccines against corresponding number of microbial diseases.

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