Immunostimulants

A presentation related to the Immunostimulants.....Medical and Medicine related students presented by Hemanta Rajkhowa......

1. Immunostimulant Hemanta Rajhkhowa Roll No:03 B.Pharm 8 th sem Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY

2. Content Definition of immunostimulant Classification Different types of Immunostimulant Bacterial vaccine. Colony stimulating factors. Interferons. Interleukins. Therapeutic vaccines. Vaccine combinations. Viral vaccines. Reference.

3. Definition of Immunostimulant Immunostimulant, also known as immunostimulators, are substances(drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulant factor.

4. Classification Specific immunostimulants. Non-specific immunostimulants. Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in immune responses, such as vaccine or any antigen . Non-specific act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvant and non-specific immunostimulators.

5. Different types of immunustimulants Bacterial vaccine. Colony stimulating factors. Interferons. Interleukins. Therapeutic vaccines. Vaccine combinations. Viral vaccines.

6. Bacterial Vaccines: Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are built against that particular bacteria, and prevents bacterial infection later. -An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis vaccine. Use: BCG(TB) vaccine is used in many countries with a high prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease. Side effect of Tuberculosis vaccine: Serious side effect of BCG(TB) vaccine, such as anaphylactic reaction( a serious allergic reaction), are very rare.

7. Colony stimulating Factors: Colony stimulating factors are glycoprotiens that promote production of white blood cells(mainly granulocytes such as neutrophils), in response to infection. -An administration of exogenous colony stimulating factors stimulates the stem cells in the bone marrow to produce more of the particular white blood cells. The new white blood cells migrate into the blood and fight the infection. Use : Colony stimulating factors are used in patients who are undergoing cancer treatment that causes low white blood cell counts ( neutropenia) and puts the patient at risk of infections. Colony stimulating factors tend to reduce the time where patients are neutropenic.

8. Interferons: Interferons are cytokines produced by host cells in response to viral infections. These are three types of α ,ß and Ɣ interferons in men. They also have immunomodulating and antiproliferative properties. They inhibit the multiplication of many DNA & RNA viruses. Adverse effect: Including myelosuppresion, hypertension, arrhythmias, al0opecia, headache and arthralgia. It can also cause neurotoxicity resulting in confusion, sedation and rarely seizures. contd ….

9. USE: Chronic hepatitis B and C. Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients. Genetic warts caused by papilloma virus- interferons are injected into the lesion. Hairy cell leukemia. Rhinovirus cold- Interferon α is given intranasally for prophylaxis.

10. Interleukins: Interleukins are a group of cytokines which are synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and certain other cells. The function especially in regulation of the immune system. ex- Aldesleukin , Oprelvekin etc. Use: They are mainly used in treatment of cancer therapy.

11. Therapeutic vaccines: Therapeutic vaccines are vaccines which are intended to treat or cure a disorder or disease by stimulating the immune system. Use: They may be used to treat certain types of cancer, by stimulating the body’s immune system to help it respond against certain cancer cell. They may also be used in the prevention of tuberculosis who are at high risk for exposure.

12. Vaccine combination: Vaccine combinations merge antigens that prevent different diseases or that protect against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the same disease, into a single product. This reduces the number of injections required to prevent some diseases. Use: Combination vaccines combined protection against two or more diseases into one shot. The measles, mumps and rubella vaccine(MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus and pertusis vaccine(DTaP) each protect our child against three diseases & that means fewer delays in disease protection for children.

13. Some example of common combination vaccines for children: Comvax, which combines Hib and Hep B. Twnrix, which combines Hep A and Hep B. Pediarix, which combines DTaP, Hep B and IPV(polio). Kinrix, which combines DTaP and IPV (polio) Pentacel, which combines DTaP, IPV(polio) and Hib. Side effect s of Combination vaccine: Side effects from combination vaccines are usually mild. They are similar to those individual vaccines given separately. Sometimes combination vaccines are usually causes slightly more pain or swelling where the shot was given. But the child got the shots individually, he or she might have pain or swelling in two or three spots, instead of just one.

14. Viral Vaccine: Viral vaccines contains either inactivated virus or attenuated(alive but not capable of causing disease) viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicated and in order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. Attenuated or live vaccines contain the live from of the virus. These viruses are not pathogenic but are able to induce an immune response.

15. Side effect: Common side effect are- 1) Blood in the urine or stool. 2)Pneumonia. 3)Inflammation of the stomach or intestines.

16. Reference: List of immunostimulant-Drugs.com.uhtml. Immunosuppresive drug Wikipedia.uhtml. Immunostimulant-Wikipedia.uhtml.

17. Thank you