Indian Scientists G.E Chemistry.pptx

Scientists of india

1. Unit 2 Indian Scientists: Who have made great contributions to science and cemented the way for others to walk on. Ms. Daizy D’mello Asst.Professor St.Joseph Vaz college

2. 1 ) Anandibai Joshi- Physician(1865-1887) She was the first woman from the Bombay presidency of India to study and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine in the United States. She was also referred to as  Anandibai Joshi and  Anandi Gopal Joshi  Originally named Yamuna, Joshi was born, raised and married in  Kalyan  where her family had previously been landlords before experiencing financial losses.

3. Gopalrao Joshi, her husband, was a progressive thinker, and, supported education for women. Her husband encouraged her to study medicine. In 1880 he sent a letter to Royal Wilder, a well-known American missionary, stating his wife’s interest in studying medicine in the United States and inquiring about a suitable post in the US for himself.  Wilder published the correspondence in his Princeton’s Missionary Review. Theodicia Carpenter, a resident of Roselle, New Jersey, happened to read it . Impressed by both Anandibai’s desire to study medicine, and Gopalrao’s support for his wife, she wrote to Anandibai . Carpenter and Anandibai developed a close friendship.

4. In 1883, Gopalrao her husband was transferred to  Serampore , and he decided to send Anandibai by herself to America for her medical studies despite her poor health. Though apprehensive, Gopalrao convinced her to set an example for other women by pursuing higher education. A physician couple named Thorborn suggested that Anandibai apply to the Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania. On learning of Anandibai’s plans to pursue higher education in the West, orthodox Indian society censured her very strongly.

5. Anandibai began her medical training at age 19. In America, her health worsened because of the cold weather and unfamiliar diet. She contracted tuberculosis. Gopalrao moved to America when he felt displeased by her efforts. By the time he arrived in Philadelphia, she had completed her studies in 1886, and was a doctor. She graduated with an MD in March 1886. The topic of her thesis was “Obstetrics among the Aryan Hindoos .” The thesis utilized references from both Ayurvedic texts and American medical textbooks. On her graduation, Queen Victoria sent her a congratulatory message.

6. The princely state of Kolhapur appointed her as the physician-in-charge of the female ward of the local Albert Edward Hospital. Anandibai died of tuberculosis early the next year on 26 February 1887 before turning 22. Her ashes were sent to  Theodicia Carpenter, who placed them in her family cemetery at the Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery in Poughkeepsie, New York. The inscription states that Anandi Joshi was a Hindu Brahmin girl, the first Indian woman to receive education abroad and to obtain a medical degree. In 1888, American feminist writer Caroline Wells Healey Dall  wrote Joshi’s biography.

7. The Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a non-governmental organization from Lucknow , has been awarding the Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine in honour of her early contributions to the cause of advancing medical science in India. The Government of Maharashtra has established a fellowship in her name for young women working on women’s health. A crater on Venus has been named in her honour . The 34.3 km-diameter crater on Venus named ‘ Joshee ’ lies at latitude 5.5° N and longitude 288.8° E. A film on her life in Marathi has been made in 2019 as  Anandi Gopal .

8. Doordarshan , aired a Hindi series based on her life, called “ Anandi Gopal ” and directed by Kamlakar Sarang . Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi wrote a fictionalised account of her life in his Marathi novel  Anandi Gopal , which was adapted into a play of the same name by Ram G. Joglekar Dr. Anjali Kirtane has extensively researched the life of Dr. Anandibai Joshi and has written a Marathi book entitled “ डॉ . आनंदीबाई जोशी काळ आणि कर्तृत्व ” (“Dr. Anandibai Joshi, Kaal ani Kartutva : Dr. Anandibai Joshi, her times and accomplishments”) which contains rare photographs of Dr. Anandibai Joshi

9. One of the first women scientists to receive the Padma Shri way back in 1977. In an age when most Indian women didn’t make it past high school, Janaki Ammal didn’t just obtain a PhD at one of America’s finest public universities, She also remains one of the few Asian women to be conferred a honorary doctorate ( DSc .  honoris causa ) by her alma mater, the University of Michigan in 1931. 2 ) Janaki Ammal (Botanist 1897-1984)

10. A pioneering botanist and cytogeneticist , Janaki Ammal  is credited with putting sweetness in India’s sugarcane varieties . There is a flower named after her, a delicate bloom in pure white called  Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal . Magnolia Kobus Janaki Ammal Yet, at a time when the country is focussing on educating the girl child, Janaki Ammal’s contribution to Indian botanical research remains mostly unknown outside academic circles. This is the story of an extraordinary Indian woman who braved a largely patriarchal, ultra-conservative society to fulfill her academic dreams Michigan in the US .

11. Janaki  left for the University of Michigan, where she obtained her Master’s degree in 1925 . Returning to India, she continued to teach at the Women’s Christian College, but went to Michigan again to pursue her doctoral thesis. On her return, she became Professor of Botany at the Maharaja’s College of Science in Trivandrum, and she taught there for two years between 1932 and 1934. An expert in cytogenetics (the study of chromosomes and inheritance), Janaki next joined the Sugarcane Breeding Station at Coimbatore to work on sugarcane biology.

12. At that time, the sweetest sugarcane in the world was the  Saccharum officianarum   variety from Papua New Guinea and India imported it from Southeast Asia. In a bid to improve India’s indigenous sugarcane varieties, the Sugarcane Breeding Station had been set up at Coimbatore in the early 1920s. By manipulating polyploid cells through cross-breeding of hybrids in the laboratory, Janaki was able to create a high yielding strain of the sugarcane that would thrive in Indian conditions.  Her research also helped analyse the geographical distribution of sugarcane across India, and to establish that the S.Spontaneum  variety of sugarcane had originated in India .

13. In 1935, the famous scientist and Noble laureate C V Raman founded the Indian Academy of Sciences and selected Janaki  as a research fellow in its very first year. Facing caste and gender based discrimination, Janaki left for London where she joined the John Innes Horticultural Institute as an assistant cytologist . In 1951, the then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru personally invited her to return to India and restructure the Botanical Survey of India (BSI). She acquiesced and was appointed as the Officer on Special Duty to the BSI, in which capacity she reorganised the Calcutta office in 1954

14. Her colleagues still remember how Janaki would take a long broom and clean the streets outside the BSI office on the famous Chowringhee lane . Janaki also travelled to some of the most remote areas of the country in search of the plant lore of the indigenous peoples of the subcontinent . She would spend time searching for medicinal plants in  Wayanad before visiting Ladakh to explore methods of sustainable agriculture at high altitudes.

15. As a scientist who studied about ecology and biodiversity. She was also the only woman invitee to the landmark international symposium on environmental history, “Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth” organized by the Wenner Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research at Princeton in 1955 (and one of only two Indians, the other being Radhakamal Mukherjee ). On a personal note, Janaki was a staunch Gandhian who liked her life simple.  

16. After retirement, she continued to work in science she served for a short period at the Atomic Research Station at Trombay before serving as an Emeritus Scientist at the Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, University of Madras.  Few know that during her last years, Janaki’s main interest had been the rearing of a large family of cats and kittens – an expert geneticist, she had even discovered and tracked down the subtle differentiations in the characteristics of her beloved kittens ! At the age of 87, Janaki Ammal passed away on February 7, 1984 while working in her research lab at Maduravoyal . Her obituary stated “She was devoted to her studies and research until the end of her life .

17. At the age of 87, Janaki Ammal passed away on February 7, 1984 while working in her research lab at Maduravoyal . Her obituary stated “She was devoted to her studies and research until the end of her life.” For her exemplary contribution to science in India, Dr Janaki Ammal awarded the Padma Shri in 1977 . In 2000, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry created the National Award of Taxonomy in her name. There is also a herbarium with over 25,000 species in Jammu Tawi that is named after this pioneering botanist.

18. Recently, the John Innes Centre in England chose to honour Janaki by launching a new scholarship for post-graduate students from developing countries in her name. An incredible woman who spent her life in the pursuit of science, Janaki Ammal believed that it was through her work that she should be remembered. So , the next time you use a spoonful of sugar grown by an Indian sugarcane farmer, remember that you are it was Dr Janaki Ammal who added that extra bit of sweetness!

19. 3) KAMALA SOHONIE Kamala Sohonie by Gobonobo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamala_Sohonie.jpg#filelinks CC BY-SA3.0 Kamala Sohonie (14 September 1912 - 28 June 1998) Pioneering Indian women biochemist . Graduated in 1933 with B.Sc degree in Chemistry and Physics from Bombay University

20. The first Indian women to receive a PhD in a scientific discipline in a British University Also, first Indian women to head a scientific research institute . Her research contributed to the discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics.

21. Kamala started to work at IISc in 1933. Her mentor was Sri. Srinivasayya . Prof. C.V Raman gave permission to pursue further research. She worked on proteins present in food items , this research earned her an M.Sc degree in Biochemistry.

22. She worked under Dr.Robin Hill and discovered the cellular enzyme cytochrome . She returned to India in 1939. Worked at the nutrition research lab Koonoor . She then joined the Royal institute of Science in Bombay as the professor of biochemistry department. She worked on the nutritional aspect of legumes .

23. She was presented with the Rastrapati award for her work on the drink ‘ Neera ’. Her work found that Neera significantly improved the health of children and pregnant women . Sohonie became the director of the Indian Institute Science

24. In 1966, she joined eight other women in forming the Consumer Guidance Society of India. She served as their president from 1982 to 1983. She won the National Award for excellence and contribution to Science in 1997. She passed away on 28 th June 1998, having lived a full life as a Scientist , wife and mother.

25. Today, we remember Dr. Kamala Sohonie as a pioneer for women’s equality in India . A role model for any women making her way in STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering and mathematics).

26. References History of Scientific women . ( n.d .). Retrieved August 5, 2020, from https://scientificwomen.net/mainpage Weston, M. (2017, November 17). Celebrating Women in STEM: Dr.Kamala Sohonie . Retrieved from https://info.umkc.edu/unews/celebrating-women-in- stem- dr -kamala- sohonie /

27. Anna Mani Anna Mani by Gobonobo https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/67/Anna_Mani.jpg CC BY -SA 3.0 Anna Mani was born in Travancore, India on 23 rd August 1918. She was an Indian Physicist and Meterologist . She loved to read, nearly read all the books in Malayalam and English.

28. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science honors degree in 1939, from Presidency college in Madras. She began graduate research in physics at the Indian Institute of Science in the lab of Nobel Prize winning spectroscopist C.V Raman. Focused on properties of diamonds and rubies, including fluorescence, polarization and temperature dependence of crystal structure.

29. Mani published five single author papers of her findings between 1942 and 1945. In 1945; she submitted her Ph.D dissertation to Madras University . Her unaccepted dissertation remains in the Raman Research Institute’s library. She accepted a government scholarship, to work with

30. meteorological equipment at the Imperial college of London. She returned to India in 1948 and joined the Indian Meteorology Department , Pune . She standardized the design for around 100 weather related instruments, including rain gauges and barometer.

31. Mani also set up station to monitor solar radiation for future solar energy projects and developed the Indian ozonesondea ballon - borne instrumenrt that measures the ozone in the earths atmosphere. Mani retired from her position as deputy director general at the Indian Meteorology Department in n1976. She returned to the Raman Research Institute as a visiting professor.

32. Later, started a reseach group to focus on India’s potential for solar and wind energy for the Indian government of Science and Technology. in 1980’s , Mani published two books about solar radiation in India and started a company that made instruments for solar radiation and wind speed. she was involved in the world Meteorological organization, the Indian National Science Academy,

33. the International soalr energy society. mani passed away in 2001. She lived an incredible scientific life, inspiring the childrens book Anna’s extraordinary expiriments in weather ,written by Nandita jayaraj .

34. “ we have only one life, first equip yourself for the job, make full use of your talents and then love and enjoy the work, making the most of being out of doors and in contact with nature”

35. 5) Asmita Chatterjee -Chemist and Author (1917-2006) Born on September 23, 1917, Asima Chatterjee , was one of the first Indian women to earn a doctorate in science in British India. She paved the way for Indian women to pursue organic chemistry and opened the world’s eyes to the power of medicinal plants. She grew up in a middle-class household in Calcutta and was the oldest of two children of Dr Indra Narayan Mookerjee and his wife, Kamala Devi.

36. As a young girl, her parents never restricted Asima from pursuing education. She completed her graduation with honors in chemistry from the Scottish Church College of the University of Calcutta in 1936. She moved on to received a master’s degree in organic chemistry in 1938 from the University of Calcutta. She became the second woman after Janaki Ammal to be earn a Doctorate of Science by an Indian University, i.e the University of Calcutta in 1944. She researched natural products chemistry and developed leading anti-convulsive, anti-malarial, and chemotherapy drugs.

37. One of her most successful anti-epileptic drug, ‘Ayush-56’ was developed from Marsilia minuta , while her anti-malarial drug was developed from Alstonia scholaris , Swrrtia chirata , Picrorphiza kurroa and Ceasalpinna crista . She spent 40 long years researching a class of compounds called alkaloids. Some of these alkaloids are efficiently used during chemotherapy to prevent the multiplication of cells in cancer patients. These patented drugs have been widely marketed by several companies.

38. Asima also chemically analysed coumarins , which essentially came from the bael tree, a native species in India. It was she who brought to light that the fruits and bark of this tree could treat a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. In association with Mr. Anjan Palit , a well known personality in chemistry, she became the founding head of the department of chemistry at Lady Brabourne College of the University of Calcutta. She joined the University College of Science of the University of Calcutta, as reader in pure chemistry in 1954.

39. Her numerous achievements include being a Premchand Roychand Scholar of the University of Calcutta and serving as the Khaira Professor of Chemistry (1962-1982, the most prestigious and coveted chairs of the University of Calcutta. 1960 marked her election as the Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi. The following year, she became the first female recipient of the country’s most prestigious science award, the annual Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize.

40. Even though the award was first introduced in 1958, but it wasn’t until 1960, that the ‘chemical sciences’ category was introduced. Asima won the award for her contribution and achievements in phytomedicine (the study of plant extracts for therapy). It took over 14 years for another woman to win the same prize, and over 48 years for a woman to win it in the ‘chemical sciences’ category. In 1972, Asima was appointed the Honorary Coordinator of the Special Assistance Programme to intensify teaching and research in natural product chemistry, sanctioned by the University Grants Commission (India).

41. She was conferred the prestigious Padma Bhushan in 1975. She also became the first lady scientist to be elected as the General President of the Indian Science Congress Association . She was nominated by the President of India as a Member of the Rajya Sabha from February 1982 to May 1990. She left for her heavenly abode on November 22, 2006. In her lifetime, she published over 400 papers on Indian medicinal plants and their chemistry. Ashima may have gone, but her legacy continues to live on.

42. 6) Rajeshwari Chatterjee - Scientist and Academic (1922-2010) Considered to be the first woman engineer to hail from Karnataka, she was bestowed with the posthumous recognition by the ministry for her path-breaking contribution to the field of microwave and antennae engineering in India. A t a time when sprawling inequalities persisted in women’s access to education, one woman was making inroads into the field of engineering and setting up a niche for herself. Jump back to 1953, when the Department of Communication Engineering at the Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ), Bengaluru , welcomed its new member Rajeshwari Chatterjee .

43. Born in the year 1922 in Karnataka, Rajeshwari had the privilege of receiving primary education under a ‘special English school’ founded by her grandmother. Following the culmination of her schooling, she made it to the  Central College of Bangalore , where she pursued B.Sc ( Hons ) and M.Sc degrees in Mathematics. Such was her dedication and earnestness towards learning that she ended up ranking first under  Mysore University  for both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. She was also awarded the Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar Award, M.T. Narayana Iyengar Prize and the Walters Memorial Prize, respectively, for her performances in the B.Sc and M.Sc examinations.

44. After the completion of her M.Sc , she joined the  Indian Institute of Science  ( IISc ), Bangalore, as a research student in the then Electrical Technology Department in the area of Communication in 1943 Selected as a ‘bright student’ by the Government of Delhi and given a scholarship to go abroad to pursue higher studies in 1946, Rajeshwari decided to head to the United States. Back in the time when it was considered to be quite scandalous for Indian women to go abroad for the pursuit of higher education, the young woman let no barrier mar her determination.

45. Just a month short of India gaining its independence, Rajeshwari set sail for the US and reached her destination in a month. Here, she was admitted to the  University of Michigan  and gained her Master’s degree from the Department of Electrical Engineering. Under the guidelines of the contract that she had signed with the Government of India, Rajeshwari underwent eight months of practical training in the Division of Radio Frequency Measurements at the  National Bureau of Standards  in Washington D.C. Finishing which, she headed back to the University of Michigan and resumed her scholarly studies. In early 1953, she obtained her PhD degree for which she received the guidance of Professor William G. Dow.

46. After completing her PhD and receiving the degree, Rajeshwari returned to the homeland and joined the Department of Electrical Communication Engineering at IISc in 1953 – this time as a faculty member. Different faces and phases of the great engineer. Source:  Facebook .

47. In the same year she married  Sisir Kumar Chatterjee , who was also one of the faculty members at the institute. The couple had a daughter, Indira Chatterjee , who is now a Professor of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering at the University of Nevada, USA. After their wedding, the husband-wife started research in the field of Microwave Engineering, which at the time was a pioneering research in India. They soon built a microwave research laboratory.

48. During the same period, she went on to become a professor at IISc , and eventually became the Chairman in the Department of Electrical Communication Engineering. Her areas of teaching expertise included electromagnetic theory, electron tube circuits and microwave technology. Actively interested in research, Rajeshwari spent many years of her life mentoring almost 20 PhD students and wrote over 100 research papers along with seven books related to microwave engineering and antennae.

49. For her contribution and works in the field of microwave engineering, the great engineer was bestowed with many awards and recognition, including the Mountbatten prize from the Institute of Electrical and Radio Engineering in UK, J.C Bose Memorial prize from the Institution of Engineers and Ramlal Wadhwa Award for the best research and teaching work from the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers.

50. 7) Darshan Ranganathan - Organic Chemist(1941-2001) Darshan was born on 4 June 1941 to Vidyavati Markan and Shanti Swarup in Delhi where she finished her schooling and graduate studies. She received her PhD in organic chemistry from  Delhi University  under the supervision of T. R. Seshadri who was at that time heading the research. Due to her perseverance and excellence in the academic field, she won the prestigious  Senior Research Scholarship of the Royal Commission  which gave her the financial means to conduct postdoctoral work at  Imperial College London  with Professor D.H.R. Barton.

51. During her time in London, her work revolved around organic natural products and was specifically focused on the structural elucidation of cycloartenol from jackfruit. Dr. Barton, her superior, wanted to study the actual structure and stereochemistry of cycloartenol but was not able to do so due to the lack of jackfruits in London. Darshan , along with her contributions in research, was able to ship jackfruits from her hometown to London with the help of her mother.

52. After commencing her work in London and attaining a teaching position in one of the colleges in  Delhi University , she met Dr Subramania Ranganathan in the  Indo-Soviet Binational Conference on Natural Products  held in Delhi in 1970. They later got married and she joined  IIT Kanpur  as a research fellow. The reason why someone, as accomplished as her, was restricted to that position was mainly due to the implementation of the unofficial rule that prevented spouses from joining the same department in research institutes. This rule was in place as the administration felt that there would be possible conflict of interests and professional miscommunication. The implementation of this practice led to the side-lining of Darshan who would eventually come up with ideas that pioneered research in the field of organic chemistry.

53. Due to both being cooperative and supportive of each other, they published many papers and books and also started many courses and lectures related to organic chemistry. The highest achievement due to their collaboration was the inception of  Current Highlights in Organic Chemistry , which became popular across the world and led the discourse in organic reaction mechanisms.

54. However, her most important collaboration was with Isabella L. Karle of the  Laboratory for the Structure of Matter, Naval Research Laboratory  of USA at Washington DC. The most fascinating aspect of this professional relationship was that these two remarkable women collaborated for over 7 years and published two dozen papers together but never met each other in person.

55. Darshan was elected to the fellowship of the  Indian Academy of Sciences  in 1991 after which she joined the  Regional Research Laboratory, Trivandrum  in 1993. In 1996, she received another fellowship from the  Indian National Science Academy , and two years later became the director of the renowned  Indian Institute of Chemical Technology  in Hyderabad. She funded her European lecture tour by the  Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Visiting Fellowship . She received the prestigious  Third World Academy of Sciences Award (TWAS ) in Chemistry in 2000 (Tehran, Iran), for ‘her outstanding contributions to bio-organic chemistry, particularly in supramolecular assemblies, molecular design and chemical simulations of key biological processes, as well as for designing hybrid peptides leading to a new class of cyclic receptors and membrane ion carriers.’

56. It can be undoubtedly said that Darshan Ranganathan was the most distinguished organic chemist of her times in India, with multiple publications in T he Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of Organic Chemistry  and many notable others. Though she was denied a position at  IIT Kanpur  at a point where it would have only boosted her contributions to the field of bio-organic chemistry, she singlehandedly funded her research work as well as lecture tours through the several fellowships that she received over the years. Due to her multiple achievements, work ethic and dedication to the field of organic chemistry, she will always be revered as an inspiration to women in STEM.

57. 8) Prof. C.V. Raman- Physicist and Nobel laureate (1888-1970) Dr. C.V Raman full name is Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. On 28 February, 1928, he discovered the Raman Effect and win Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery. Every year on 28 February, National Science Day is celebrated to pay tribute to the Nobel Laureate Dr. C.V. Raman.

58. Dr. C.V Raman's was born on 7 November, 1888 in Tiruchirappalli , Tamil Nadu. His father was a lecturer in Mathematics and Physics and so at a young age, he was exposed to an academic environment. In 1902, he joined the Presidency College and received his graduate degree in 1904. That time, he was the only student who received the first division. He has done his Master's in Physics from the same college and broke all the previous records. In 1907, he went to Calcutta (now Kolkata) and joined as Assistant Accountant General.

59. In the spare time, he went to the laboratory for doing research at the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences. His job was very hectic still he continued his research work at night due to his core interest in science. The facilities available in the laboratory were very limited, he continued his research and published his findings in leading international journals including 'Nature', 'The Philosophical Magazine', 'Physics Review', etc. At that time, his researches focused on the areas of vibrations and acoustics.

60. joined the University of Calcutta in 1917, as the first Palit Professor of Physics. After 15 years at Calcutta, he became the Professor at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore from 1933-1948. 1948, he became the Director of the Raman Institute of Research at Bangalore which was established and endowed by him only.

61. Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Works and Discovery He established the Indian Journal of Physics in 1926 where he was the Editor. He also sponsored the establishment of the Indian Academy of Sciences and served as the President since its inception. He was the President of the Current Science Association in Bangalore, which publishes Current Science (India). In 1928, he wrote an article on the theory of musical instruments to the 8th Volume of the Handbuch der Physik .

62. He published his work on the "Molecular Diffraction of Light" in 1922 which led to his ultimate discovery of the radiation effect on the 28th February 1928 and gained him to receive Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. He became the first Indian to receive a Nobel Prize. Other researches carried out by Dr. C.V. Raman were: Diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies and effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to an ordinary light.

63. In 1948, he also studied the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. His laboratory has been dealing with the structure and properties of diamond, and the structure and optical behaviour of numerous iridescent substances like pearls, agate, opal, etc. He was also interested in the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy and the physiology of human vision. In 1924, he was also elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career and was knighted in 1929.

64. He is best known for discovering the 'Raman Effect' or the theory related to the scattering of light. He showed that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes its wavelength.

65. Dr. Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman): Awards and Honours In 1924, he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society early in his career and was knighted in 1929. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. He was awarded the Franklin Medal in 1941. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954, the highest civilian award in India. In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.

66. The American Chemical Society and the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1998 recognised Raman's discovery as an International Historic Chemical Landmark. On 28 February every year, India celebrates  National Science Day  to commemorate the discovery of the Raman Effect in 1928 in his honour. In 1970, he received a major heart attack while working in the laboratory. He took his last breath in the Raman Research Institute on 21st November, 1970.

67. Dr. C.V. Raman was one of the great legends from India whose hard work and determination made India proud and became the first Indian to receive Nobel Prize in Physics. He proved that, if a person really wants to pursue his/her desires nobody can stop. His interest in science and dedication towards research works made him discovered the Raman Effect. He will always be remembered as a great Scientist, Physicist and a Nobel laureate.

68. 9) Dr. Jagdish Chandra Bose- Physicist (1858-1937) Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose is one of the most prominent first Indian scientists who proved by experimentation that both animals and plants share much in common. He demonstrated that plants are also sensitive to heat, cold, light, noise and various other external stimuli. Bose contrived a very sophisticated instrument called the crescograph , which could record and observe plants minute responses to external stimulants.

69. It was capable of magnifying the motion of plant tissues to about 10,000 times of their actual size and, in doing so, found many similarities between plants and other living organisms. Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on 30 November, 1858 at Mymensingh , now in Bangladesh. He received his elementary education from a vernacular school, because his father believed that Bose should learn his own mother tongue, Bengali, before studying a foreign language like English. Later he attended St. Xavier’s School at Kolkata and passed the Entrance Examination for Calcutta University.

70. Bose attended the University of Cambridge studying natural sciences after graduating with a physics degree from Calcutta University. He returned to India in 1884 after completing his B.Sc. degree from Cambridge University and was appointed professor of physical science at Presidency College, Calcutta (now Kolkata). n 1917 Bose left his professorship and established the Bose Institute at Calcutta which was initially devoted principally to the study of plants. He was its director for twenty years until his death.

71. The central hall of the Royal Society in London was jam-packed with  famous scientists  on May 10, 1901. Everyone seemed to be curious to know how Bose’s experiment will demonstrate that plants have feelings like other living beings and humans. Bose chose a plant whose roots were cautiously dipped up to its stem in a vessel holding the bromide solution, which is considered a poison. He plugged in the instrument with the plant and viewed the lighted spot on a screen showing the movements of the plant, as its pulse beat, and the spot began to and fro movement similar to a pendulum.

72. Within minutes, the spot vibrated in a violent manner and finally came to an abrupt stop. The whole thing was almost like a poisoned rat fighting against death. The plant had died due to the exposure to the poisonous bromide solution. Using the crescograph , he further researched the response of the plants to fertilizers, light rays and wireless waves. The instrument received widespread acclaim, particularly from the Path Congress of Science in 1900. Many physiologists also supported his findings later on, using more advanced instruments.

73. Bose authored two illustrious books; ‘Response in the Living and Non-living’ (1902) and ‘The Nervous Mechanism of Plants’ (1926). He also extensively researched the behavior of radio waves. Mostly known as a plant physiologist, he was actually a physicist. Bose made improvements on another instrument called ‘the coherer’, for detecting the radio waves. He was knighted in 1917 and elected the Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920 for his amazing contributions and achievements. He died aged 78, on 23 November in 1937, in Giridih , India.

74. 10) Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam - Missile Man of India (1931-2015) Former President of India Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam is one of the most distinguished scientist of India. Dr. Kalam became the 11th President of India on 25th July 2002. After five eventful years he demitted office on 25th July 2007. His focus is on transforming India into a developed nation by 2020. His accent is on constructive networking and excellent human resources for an economically developed, prosperous and peaceful society

75. Born on 15th October 1931 at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, Dr. Kalam , graduated in Science from St. Joseph's College, Trichy in 1954 and specialised in Aeronautical Engineering from Madras Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1957. Dr. Kalam is a pioneer in fibre glass technology and led a young team to initiate this effort in ISRO from design, development leading to production of composites rocket motor cases. He was responsible for the evolution of ISRO's launch vehicle programme, particularly the  PSLV  configuration.

76. After working for two decades in ISRO and mastering launch vehicle technologies, Dr. Kalam took up the responsibility of developing Indigenous Guided Missiles at Defence Research and Development Organisation as the Chief Executive of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). He was responsible for the development and operationalisationof   AGNI  and  PRITHVI  Missiles and for building indigenous capability in critical technologies through networking of multiple institutions. One of his significant contribution was creating  Research Centre Imarat  for advanced technologies.

77. Dr. Kalam is one of the most distinguished scientists of India with the unique honour of receiving honorary doctorates from 48 Universities and institutions from India and abroad. The Honorary Doctorates include, Nyenrode Business University, Netherlands; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg USA; University of Wolverhampton, UK; University of Kentucky,USA ; Oakland University, Michigan USA; University of Waterloo, Canada; University Sans Malaysia, Malaysia University of Sydney, Australia and the Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.

78. He has been awarded with the coveted civilian awards -  Padma Bhushan  (1981) and  Padma Vibhushan  (1990) and the highest civilian award  Bharat Ratna  (1997). He is a recipient of several other awards and Fellow of many professional institutions.