Inductive and deductive method of teaching

Inductive and deductive method of teaching

It is generally starts from the specific to general. This method is generally known as Statistical Method, Scientific Methods and Empirical Method It quite popular method for framing generalisation. In this method we proceed from Known/ Concrete to Unknown/ Abstract

1. Inductive and deductive method of teaching

2. Inductive method It is generally starts from the specific to general. This method is generally known as Statistical Method, Scientific Methods and Empirical Method It quite popular method for framing generalisation . In this method we proceed from Known/ Concrete to Unknown/ Abstract

3. Definitions Keynes , “ Inductive method is to establish laws on the basis of examples or instance.”Miller , “Induction is a process of reaching general conclusions from particular instances.”William Gee, “Inductive method is a process of reasoning from particular to general or from individual to Universal.”

4.   Types of Induction Method Experimental Inductive Method, Statistical Inductive Method   Experimental Inductive Method In this method Principles, theories and laws are tested by its application to real life situation or through their real life application in natural settings. Statistical Inductive Method In this method Principles, theories and laws are formulated on the basis of statistical analysis.

5. Steps of I nductive method   Steps of Inductive Method 1. Collection of evidences/ data:by observationsurvey and Inspections2. Formulation of hypothesis:Student with the help of teacher form hypothesis or tentative solutions of the problem   Steps of Inductive Method 3. Discrimination and analysis: Discriminate the factors on the basis of Similarities and Differences in variables and factors And do analysis of the situation 4. Generalisation and Abstraction: On the basis of similarities of trends of a particular Phenomena student reach on generalisation about some principles, theories and Laws   Steps of Inductive Method 5.Verification:Students do effort to verify the truth of the principles, laws and theories in the similar situation at different time.6. Application/ Prediction:Verified principle then recommended to apply in real life situationOr prediction are made about the phenomena

6. Role of a teacher  ROLE OF THE TEACHER :A guide, friend and philosopherHelps the students in developing tools of data collection. Assist students to Generate Resources(Financial and Material) . Help to formulate Hypothesis: Assist the students to formulate hypothesis which are feasible and viable as per resources and time limitations. To organize data: During execution of the project teacher should help the students to organize raw data in meaningful way..  ROLE OF THE TEACHER To allocate the duties . Supervise the progress of project work. Encourages his students to work collectively, and co-operatively . Help his students to avoid and correct mistakes . He makes it a point that each member of the group should contributed something to the completion of the project. Help to draw inferences .Evaluation : Evaluation of the Project work and Reports submitted by the Group.  ROLE OF THE TEACHER Maintenance of Record for timely review and Future Consultation: Teacher should assess the Strength and weakness of the Project task: Feed back and appraisal: Concluding remarks and Submissions:

7. Advantages Psychological laws of learning: It is a method of teaching based on psychological laws of learning.Students centered: It is students centered and provide scope to entertain Individual Differences( Interest, Capacity and Aptitude).Active Participation: in this method students Take active ParticipationDevelop spirit of cooperation/ Cooperative Venture: It imbibes the spirit of cooperation as it is a cooperative venture. S timulates interest: Stimulates interest in natural as also man made situations.Arouse interest: A project can be used to arouse interest in a particular topics as it blends school life with outside world.Develops Curiosity: By keeping students busy it helps to arouse Curiosity.Natural Method for Innovative Discoveries:Permanent Learning: Self-acquired permanent learning Realistic and practical in nature: Induction method collect evidences form real life so it is more realistic and practical in natureDynamic in Nature:This method has dynamic approach to establish and reject hypothesis. Whole process can be repeated many a time till reframe the Theory.Good Relationship

8. Limitations It is a time consuming method. It is a very costly method as it involves tours, excursions, purchase of apparatus and equipments etc.Less Scope:All topics are not able to teach through this method.Not for all Age Groups:It is not applicable for all school age groups.Literature is not available:Good textbooks on these lines have not yet been produced.Wrong generalization:There is possibility that students may draw wrong generalisationsNon -conclusive: Method is not absolutely Conclusive due to human factor there is involvement of probability

9. Deductive method of teaching Introduction: Deduction starts with known generalizations or Theory to verify the Facts/instances/ specific; This method is generally move from abstract/unknown to concrete/known. It quite popular method to verify the Theories/instances/specific. It is just the opposite of inductive method. General to specific.

10. Definitions Keynes , “ Deductive method is to reach at specific conclusion assuming establish laws as basis.”Miller , “Deduction is a method of using a general principle to reach at specific conclusions.”William Gee, “By deductive method is meant a reasoning from general to particular or from Universal to individual.”

11. Steps of Deductive Method 1 . Presentation of general Principle: Teacher present the theory2. Establish Relationship: between principles/ Theory and facts3. Collect Data to test the truth : Students try to discover truthby verifying the collected data.

12. Merits of deductive method Merits of the Method Supplementary to Inductive Method of Teaching: 1. It help to complete the Inductive method by supplement the process2. Economical: easy to present established theory and explain the basicconcept3. Less Burden on Teacher : they just narrate the theory and students memorize it. 4 . Mostly used Method: Small children to know fact even adult learn thorough this method at pace.5. More Scope: Applicable for all concept, at all stage and for all type of students.6. No Fear of Wrong Conclusion: No change to reach on wrong conclusion  Merits of the Method 7 . Weightage to Memory: In this method Students has to memories the facts without going for deep understanding . 8 . Provide Pace: For completion of curriculum. 9 . Suitable for Prediction: Teacher and Students can predict. 10 . Verification of theories and facts : 11 . Suitable for Social Sciences: According to Gide and Rist , “This method is suitable for social sciences especially for political economy where experiment is impossible, deductive approach is suitable to draw conclusion .” 12 . Time Saving. 13 . Save Energy and Efforts:

13. Demerits of the Deductive Method 1 . Encourage Cramming : 2.Discourage Heuristic Attitude : 3 . Lack of Pupil Participation : 4 . Un-psychological: not consider Individual Differences 5 . Unnatural: All Students are not able to think in abstract without concrete Ideas/Experience.6. Spoon Feeding:7. Difficult to Understand: Difficult for beginner to understand abstract Idea8. Unscientific: Because approach in confirmatory not Explanatory9. No Originality: not a method of discovery, it is a method of presentation10. Not Nurture Creativity:11.Un- Interesting