INFANCY - The Child And Adolescent Learner And Learning Principles .pptx

A "Child and Adolescent Learners and Learning Principles" course delves into the developmental stages of children and adolescents, exploring their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional growth, with a primary focus on understanding how these developmental aspects influence learning and how to apply appropriate teaching strategies based on different developmental levels in the classroom.

1. INFANCY Chapter 3

2. According to legal standards, an infant is an in-dividual who is a minor until reaching the age of legal maturity, which, in America today, is eighteen years.

3. According to medical terminology, an infant is a young child, but no specific age limits are placed on when the individual ceases to be an infant and be-comes a child.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF INFANCY

5. Infancy is the Shortest of All Developmental Periods

6. Infancy begins with birth and ends when the infant is approximately two weeks old, by far the shortest of all developmental periods. It is the time when the fetus must adjust to life outside the uterine walls of the mother where it has lived for approximately nine months.

7. Infancy is generally subdivided into two periods: The period of the PARTUNATE The period of the NEONATE

8. The period of the PARTUNATE From birth to fifteen to thirty minutes after birth. This period begins when the fetal body has emerged from the mother’s body and lasts until the umbilical cord has been cut and tied.

9. The period of the NEONATE From the cutting and tying of the umbilical cord to approximately the end of the second week of postnatal life. During this period, the infant must make adjustments to the new environment outside the mother’s body.

10. Infancy Is a Time of Radical Adjustments Although the human life span legally begins at the moment of birth, birth is merley an interruption of the developmental pattern that started at the moment of conception. It is the graduation from an internal to an external environment.

11. Infancy Is a Plateau in Development The rapid growth and development which took place during the prenatal period suddenly come to a stop with birth.

12. The half in growth and development, characteristic of this plateau, is due to the necessity for making radical adjustments to the postnatal environment. Once these adjustments have been made, infants resume their growth and development.

13. Infancy Is a Preview of Later Development It is not possible to predict with even reasonable accuracy what the individual’s future development will be the basis of the development apparent at birth.

14. Infancy Is a Hazardous Period Infancy is a hazardous period, both physically and psychologically. Physically, it is hazardous be-cause of the difficulties of making the necessary radical adjustments to the totally new and different environment.

15. MAJOR ADJUSTMENTS OF INFANCY Infants must make four major adjustments before they can resume their developmental progress.

16. ADJUSTMENTS OF INFANCY Temperature Changes Elimination Sucking and Swallowing Breathing

17. Temperature Changes There is a constant temperature of 100'F in the uterine sac, while temperatures in the hospital or home may vary from 60 to 70℉.

18. Breathing When the umbilical cord is cut, infants must begin to breathe on their own.

19. Sucking and Swallowing The infant must now get nourishment by sucking and swallowing, instead of receiving it through the umbilical cord. These reflexes are imperfectly developed at birth, and the infant often gets less nourishment than is needed and this loses weight.

20. Elimination The infant's organs of elimination begin to work soon after birth; formerly, waste products were eliminated through the umbilical cord.

21. Indication of the Difficulty of Adjustment to postnatal Life Loss of Weight Infant Mortality Disorganized behavior

22. Loss of Weight Because of difficulties in adjusting to sucking loses weight during the first week of postnatal life.

23. Disorganized Behavior For the first day or two of postnatal life, all infants show relatively disorganized behavior such as irregularities in breathing rate, frequent urination and defecations, wheezing and regurgitation.

24. Infant Mortality Even today, the rate of infant mortality during the first two days of postnatal life is high. The causes of infant mortality are many and varied

25. Conditions Influencing Adjustment to postnatal Life Many conditions influence the success with which infants make the necessary adjustment to postnatal life.

26. Prenatal Environment The first condition that influences the kind of adjustment infants make to postnatal life is the kind of prenatal environment they had. A healthy prenatal environment will contribute to good adjustments to postnatal life.

27. KINDS OF BIRTH The second conditions that influences the kind of adjustment that will be made to postnatal life is the kind of birth the infant experiences.

28. Natural, or Spontaneous, Birth In a natural birth, the position of the fetus and its size in relation to the mother's reproductive organs allow it to emerge in the normal, head-first position.

29. Breech In a breech birth, the buttocks appear first, followed by the legs and finally the head.

30. Transverse Birth In a transverse presentation, the fetus is positioned crosswise in the mother's uterus. Instruments must be used for delivery unless the position can be changed before the birth process begins.

31. Instrument Birth When the fetus is too large to emerge spontaneously or when its position makes normal birth impossible, instruments must be used to aid in delivery.

32. Caesarean Section If x-rays taken during the latter part of pregnancy indicate that complications may result if the infant emerges through the birth canal, the baby is brought into the world through a slit made surgically in the mother's abdominal wall.

33. Experiences Associated with Birth The third condition that Influences the kind of adjustments infants make to postnatal life are experiences associated with birth.

34. Length of Gestation Period The fourth condition that influences infants' adjustments to postnatal life is the length of the gestation period. Very few infants are born exactly 280 days after conception.

35. Those who arrive ahead of time are known as premature — often referred to in hospitals 'as "preemies"-while those who arrive late are known as postmature, or postterm babies. Postmaturity occurs less often than in the past because it is now possible to induce labor when x-rays show that the fetus is large enough and well-enough developed to adjust successfully to post-natal life.

36. Parental Attitudes This is the fifth condition that influences the kind of adjustments infants make to postnatal life. When parental attitudes are unfavorable, for whatever the reason, they are reflected in treatment of the infant that militates against successful adjustments to postnatal life.

37. Conditions that Affect Parental Attitudes Toward the Infant Preparation for Parental Duties The Childbirth experience The Mother’s Physical Condition after Childbirth Concern about Expenses

38. Conditions that Affect Parental Attitudes Toward the Infant Evidence of Defects The Infant’s Postnatal Adjustments Infantile Crying Parental Resentments against Work, Privations, and Expenses

39. Conditions that Affect Parental Attitudes Toward the Infant Concern about Normality Concern about Survival

40. Postnatal Care The sixth influential condition is the kind of postnatal care the newborn receives during the in-fancy period. For the most part, care during the first three or four days after birth will be by hospital personnel.

41. Characteristics of the Infant

42. Physical Development Infants differ greatly in appearance and physio-logical functions 'at birth and in their early adjustments after birth.

43. Physical Development Size - At birth, the average infant weighs 7/ pounds and measures 1912 inches in length. Weight in relation to height is less at birth, on the average, in the more active fetuses than in those who have been less active during the latter part of the fetal period. Infantile Features - The muscles of the newborn infant are soft, small, and uncontrolled, At the time of birth, less development has t aken place In the muscles of the neck and legs than in those of the hands and arms.

44. Physical Development Physical Proportions - The newborn is not a miniature adult. Physiological Functions - Because of the undeveloped state of the autonomic nervous s ystem at birth, the infant is unable to maintain homeostasis, which is one of the causes of the high mortality rate at this time.

45. Categories of Infant Activity Movements of the body appear as soon as the fetus emerges from the mothers body. Because of the neurophysiological immaturity of the infant, one could not expect its movements to be coordinated or meaningful.

46. Categories of infant activity Mass Activity Mass activity occurs throughout the entire body when any area is stimulated, though the activity is most pronounced in the stimulated area.

47. Specific Activities Specific activities involve certain limited areas of the body. They include reflexes, which are definite responses to specific sensory stimuli and which remain unchanged with repetition of the same stimulus, and generalized responses, which use larger groups of muscles than a re involved in reflexes and which may be aroused by either external or internal stimuli.

48. Specific Activities Specific activities involve certain limited areas of the body. They include reflexes, which are definite responses to specific sensory stimuli and which remain unchanged with repetition of the same stimulus, and generalized responses, which use larger groups of muscles than a re involved in reflexes and which may be aroused by either external or internal stimuli.

49. Reflexes Most of the important reflexes of the body, such as the pupillary reflexes, reflexes of the lips and tongue, sucking, flexion, knee jerk, sneezing, and others, are present at birth

50. Generalized Responses Some of the most common generalized responses which appear during the neo-natal period are visual fixation on light; spontaneous eye movements; shedding of tears; feeding responses such as tongue, cheek, and lip movements; sucking of the fingers; yawning; hiccuping ; rhythmic mouthing movements; frowning and wrinkling of the brow; turning and lifting the head; turning the trunk; body jerk; hand and arm movements; prancing and kicking; and leg and foot movements.

51. Vocalization of the Infant

52. CRYING Prebirth cries are rare and dangerous, for there is always the possibility that the fetus will be choked by the fluid in the uterus. The birth cry is a purely reflex activity which results when air is drawn over the vocal cords, causing them to vibrate. Its purpose is to inflate the lungs, thus making breathing possible, and to supply the blood with sufficient oxygen.

53. EXPLOSIVE SOUNDS In addition to crying, the newborn heavy breathing. They are uttered without meaning or vocal muscles contract. They are commonly called strengthened and develop into babbling, which later develops into speech

54. Sensitivities of the Infant Sensitivities of the Infant The best criterion that can be used to determine the presence or absence of sensory capacity is the motor response to sensory stimuli that would normally arise when these sense organs are stimulated.

55. SENSORY CAPACITIES OF INFANTS Vision Hearing Smell Taste Organic Sensitive Skin Sensitive

56. State of Consciousness The consciousness of the infant is markedly influenced by the depressant effects of drugs used during labor, and these effects persist longer than in adults. Prematurely born infants take longer to adjust to the ordeal of birth than full-term infants whose birth has been difficult.

57. Capacity for Learning Newborn infants are often incapable of even the simplest form of learning conditioning or learning by association. With the possible exception of the feeding situation, conditioned responses are difficult to elicit.

58. Emotions of the Newborn The outstanding characteristic of the infant's emotional makeup is the complete absence of gradations of responses showing different degrees of intensity. Whatever the stimulus, the resultant emotion is Intense and sudden.

59. Beginnings of personality Children are born with characteristic temperamental differences that are reflected in activity rates and sensitivities. It is this differences from which the individual’s personality pattern will develop.

60. HAZARD OF INFANCY Physical Hazard Psychological Hazard

61. Physical Hazard Some of the physical hazards of infancy are of the only temporary significance, while others can effect the individual’s entire life pattern.

62. Physical Hazard Unfavorable Prenatal Environment Difficult and Complicated Birth Multiple Birth Postmaturity Prematurity Infant Mortality

63. Unfavorable prenatal environment As a resul t of unfavorable conditions in the prenatal environment, the infant may have difficulty adjusting to postnatal life. Excessive smoking on the part of the mother, for example can affect the development of the fetus. Prolonged and intense maternal stress is another important factor, causing the infant to be tense and nervous.

64. Difficult and Complicated Birth A difficult or complicated birth frequently results in temporary or permanent brain damage. If the birth requires the use of instruments, as in the case where the fetus is so large that it has to be aided in its passage down the birth canal or if the fetus lies in a footfirst or a transverse position, the chances of the brain damage from the use of the instruments to aid the delivery are always present

65. Multiple Birth Children of multiple birth are usually smaller and weaker than he singletons as a result o f crowding during the prenatal period which inhibits fetal movements. These babies tend to be born prematurely, which adds to their adjustment problems

66. Postmaturity Postmaturity is hazardous only when the fetus becomes large that the birth requires the use of instruments of surgery, in which case the hazards are due to the conditions associated with birth rather than to postmaturity .

67. Prematurity Prematurity affects adjustments not only during infancy but also for many years thereafter. Some of these effects are the direct result of the fac that the brain and the nervous system have not had time to develop fully, and others are due to neurological disorders resulting from birth injuries and anoxia, which are especially common among premature infants.

68. LONG-TERM EFFCTS OF PREMATURITY Physical Development and Health Development Lag Sensory Behavior

69. LONG-TERM EFFCTS OF PREMATURITY Motor Control Speech Development Intelligence

70. LONG-TERM EFFCTS OF PREMATURITY Socialization Emotional Behavior Deviant Behavior

71. Infant Mortality The most critical times for death during the period of infancy are the day of birth, and the second and third days after birth. Neonatal deaths have been reported to be the most common during the months of June and July but to date, no satisfactory explanation for this has been made.

72. Psychological Hazard Even though psychological hazards tend to have less effect on the infant’s adjustment to postnatal life than physical hazards, they are nonetheless important because of their long term effects.

73. Traditional Beliefs about Birth There are many traditional beliefs about the effects birth has on the development of children. Difficult births, for example, are believed to result in "difficult children"-those who are hard to handle and whose behavior tends to deviate from that of children born with a minimum of difficulty.

74. Helplessness To some parents, the helplessness of the newborn infant is appealing while, to most, it is frightening. So long as the infants are in the hospital and under the care of doctors and nurses, parents are not too concerned about their helplessness.

75. Individuality of the Infant To most adults, being different Is interpreted as being inferior. When parents steep themselves in child-care literature before the arrival of their first child, or when they set up norms of behavior based on what their earlier-born children did at different ages, they tend to judge a newborn infant in these terms.

76. Development Lag The infants most likely to show developmental lag are those born prematurely or those who were injured at birth. Regardless of the cause of developmental lag, it is always a source of concern to parents and, as such, affects the way they handle the infant's needs. An anxious, concerned mother will t ransmit her anxiety by the way she takes care of the infant.

77. Plateau in Development Even though a plateau in development is normal immediately after birth, many first-time parents are unaware of this. Their concern is heightened if the baby regresses from the plateau and has difficulty in keeping down what little nourishment is t aken, thus drop-ping below birth weight.

78. Lack of Stimulation There is increasing scientific evidence that newborn infants need stimulation of different areas of their bodies and of different sense organs if they are to develop as they should.

79. New-Parent Blues States of depression, often called "new-parent blues," are almot universal among new parents. These depressive states tend to be more pronounced in mothers than in fathers and in parents of first babies than in those who have already had one or more children.

80. Unfavorable Attitudes on the Part of Significant people Even though parents, siblings, and grandparents may have favorable attitudes toward the unborn baby during most of the pregnancy, their feelings may change as the birth draws nearer and they become increasingly aware of the new responsibilities they will have to face.

81. Names I t is legally established shortly after birth, a child's name can be classified as one of the important potential psychological hazards of infancy. Their names do not become real hazards until children are old enough to respond to how people out-side the family react to them (usually during the pre-school years).

82. Thank you for listening!!