xii Introduction
For example, as there is an abundance not just of information-related
ideas but also of broader information-theoretic perspectives, ranging
from the purely quantitative to the functional and semantic, an impor-
tant diffi culty concerns how closely or loosely these ideas and perspec-
tives are related to one another. In other words, to what extent, if any,
can they be meaningfully unifi ed? Also, although the description of
certain biological processes may require an information-based vocabu-
lary — one that includes terms such as code, signal, messenger, transmis-
sion, transcription, translation, correction, and the like — the deeper
scientifi c and philosophical meaning of this vocabulary is still unclear.
Can there, then, be a literal philosophical or scientifi c understanding of
the bioinformational processes these terms describe, or is their meaning
merely heuristic or metaphorical? Although they are deeply puzzling, we
believe that any aversion toward addressing these questions is overshad-
owed by the fact that information is indeed integral to our understanding
of the organization of life. For this reason, these more recent questions
are just as much in need of scientifi c and philosophical examination as
are the more traditional ones.
The chapters in this volume are the work of an international com-
munity of researchers who seek to shed light on these issues, and more
generally, on the informational nature of biological organization. Their
respective disciplines, which reveal the deeply interdisciplinary nature of
these issues, include: anthropology, biology, biosemiotics, chemistry,
cognitive science, computer science, information theory, linguistics,
mathematics, medicine, paleontology, philosophy, physics, psychology,
and systems theory. The contributions of our authors are intended to be
useful not only to fellow researchers, but also to advanced undergraduate
and graduate students in both science and philosophy and perhaps to
any thoughtful person who has been deeply struck by the fact that infor-
mation is in some sense crucial to our understanding of the difference
between living and inanimate matter.
The organization of our authors ’ contributions follows a simple,
logical progression. Part I introduces the idea of an organism or living
system, and characterizes some of its basic physical, chemical, biological,
and informational properties. Part II introduces the idea of an informa-
tional perspective on biological organization, which it gradually and
intuitively expands to include philosophical, evolutionary, and develop-
mental or epigenetic considerations. Finally, Part III extends our bioin-
formational theme to questions concerning the biological basis of
cognition, value, language, and personality.