Integumentary system, pelvis and lower limb.pptx

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1. SKIN AND ITS APPENDAGES Skin is the outer covering of the body. Skin and its appendages constitute the integumentary system. Largest organ of the body. Constitutes 16% of the body weight.

2. FUNCTIONS OF SKIN Protective shield for the body Barrier to water Thermoregulation Important sense organ (pain, touch, temperature & pressure) Absorption of ultraviolet radiation from the sun for the production of vitamin D

3. LAYERS OF THE SKIN Epidermis: Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Dermis: The papillary region is composed of loose connective tissue. The Reticular region is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Hypodermis: Composed of areolar tissue with abundant adipocytes.

4. Skin ligaments are connective tissue structures, primarily composed of collagen and elastic fibers, that fix the skin to deeper tissues like the superficial fascia and, in some cases, to bone. They are found throughout the body, including in the face, breast, hands, feet, and trunk. Composition : Skin ligaments are made of connective tissue, primarily collagen and elastic fibers. Function: They play a crucial role in fixing the skin to deeper structures, influencing skin mobility.  Distribution: Skin ligaments are found throughout the body, including the face (e.g., zygomatic ligaments, mandibular ligaments), breast (Cooper's ligaments), and limbs.  Clinical Significance: Understanding the anatomy of skin ligaments is crucial in various surgical procedures, such as facial surgeries (e.g., rhytidectomy) and breast surgeries, as well as in understanding the spread of inflammation or tumors.  Examples: Zygomatic ligaments and Mandibular ligaments. 

5. Langer’s or Cleavage lines or Tension lines The lines along which the fiber bundles run. Represent the natural lines along which the skin tends to split when penetrated. Incisions in the direction of these lines gape much less than those at right angles to them.

6. * Bones of the Pelvis and Perineum * Bones of the lower limb

7. The  ilium   is the widest and largest of the three parts of the hip bone, and is located superiorly. The body of the ilium forms the superior part of the acetabulum (acetabular roof). Immediately above the acetabulum, the ilium expands to form the wing (or ala).

8. The  bony pelvis   is composed of four main elements - paired  hip bones ,  sacrum , and  coccyx . The sacrum and coccyx are formed by variably fused  vertebrae . The  hip bones   are the largest, irregular-shaped bones of the pelvic skeleton. They are composed of three fused bones -  ilium ,  ischium , and  pubis . The  sacrum   is   a triangular-shaped bone located at the base of the  spine . It is formed by usually 5 fused sacral vertebrae. The  coccyx   is also known as the tailbone. It is the final bony segment of the spine. Like the sacrum, it is also composed of fused vertebrae. The coccyx usually consists of 3 to 4 coccygeal vertebrae. The  pelvic inlet   is wide and rounded in the female pelvis, while it is more heart-shaped (or oval-shaped) in the male.

9. The  pelvis , also called the bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton, is composed of the following four bones: two  hip bones ,  sacrum , and  coccyx . The  free lower limb   can be further subdivided into three smaller portions: Thigh  - it is formed by a single bone called the  femur ; Lower leg   - consists of two bones that are known as the  tibia  and  fibula ; Foot   - the terminal part of the lower limb; it contains most of the bones and is composed of 26 bones, including 7  tarsal bones , 5  metatarsal bones ,   and 14  phalanges .

10. Hip bone The hip bone   is the largest bone from the ones that form the  bony pelvis . It is also known as the coxal bone, pelvic bone, and innominate bone. The hip bone is irregular-shaped and composed of three smaller bones that fuse together -  ilium ,  ischium , and  pubis . The  ilium   is the largest uppermost bone, forming the massive upper wing-like portion. The  ischium   is the curved anteroinferior and posteroinferior portion. The  pubis   is the curved most anterior segment.

11. All three bones completely fuse during early adolescence. They meet at the  acetabulum  - a central cup-shaped fossa found on the lateral surface of the bone. It articulates with the  head of the femur , forming the hip joint. Both hip bones meet anteriorly at the  pubic symphysis , and posteriorly they connect with the  sacrum  at the  sacroiliac joints .