Interconnections: SPICESS

Looks at the INTERCONNECTIONS of Geographical Phenomenon as per Australian Curriculum.

"The concept of INTERCONNECTION emphasises that no object of geographical study can be viewed in “I S O L A T I O N”.

It is about the ways that GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENA are connected to each other through:
environmental processes,
the movement of people,
flows of trade and investment,
the purchase of goods and services,
cultural influences,
the exchange of ideas and information,
political power and international agreements.

Interconnections can be:
complex,
reciprocal or (reciprocal: bearing on or binding each of two parties equally)
interdependent, and (interdependent: dependent on each other)
have a strong influence on the characteristics of places.

An understanding of the significance of INTERCONNECTION leads to holistic thinking and helps students to see the various aspects of Geography as connected rather than separate bodies of knowledge."

Downloading the PowerPoint will enabled animation and transition embedded.

2. -acronym –
“A word formed from the first letters of other words.”
Scale
Environment
Change
Interconnection
Space
Place
Thespatiallevelatwhichageographicalinquirytakes
place–personal,local,regional,nationorglobal.
AspecificplaceonEarthandallthethings,both
animateandinanimate,thatarethere.
ThedynamicnatureofallprocessonEarth,whether
sloworfast,smallorlarge.
Therelationshipbetweenallthings,bothanimateand
inanimate,andallprocesses,bothnaturalandhuman.
ThewaythingsarearrangedontheEarth’ssurface.
ApartoftheEarth’ssurfacethatisidentifiedandgiven
meaningbypeople.
Sustainability
TheongoingcapacityofEarthtomaintainalllife.
Interconnection
Therelationshipbetweenallthings,bothanimateand
inanimate,andallprocesses,bothnaturalandhuman.

3. TheconceptofINTERCONNECTIONemphasisesthatnoobjectofgeographical
studycanbeviewedin“ISOLATION”.
ItisaboutthewaysthatGEOGRAPHICALPHENOMENAareconnectedtoeach
otherthrough:
•environmentalprocesses,
•themovementofpeople,
•flowsoftradeandinvestment,
•thepurchaseofgoodsandservices,
•culturalinfluences,
•theexchangeofideasandinformation,
•politicalpowerandinternationalagreements.
Interconnectionscanbe:
•complex,
•reciprocalor(reciprocal:bearingonorbindingeachoftwopartiesequally)
•interdependent,and(interdependent:dependentoneachother)
•haveastronginfluenceonthecharacteristicsofplaces.
AnunderstandingofthesignificanceofINTERCONNECTIONleadstoholistic
thinkingandhelpsstudentstoseethevariousaspectsofGeographyas
connectedratherthanseparatebodiesofknowledge.
Australian Curriculum: Geography Glossary

4. EnvironmentalProcesses:AtmosphericDepositionProcesses
AtmosphericDepositionisthepollutionofwatercausedbyairpollution.
Intheatmosphere,waterparticlesmixwithcarbondioxidesulphurdioxideandnitrogen
oxides,thisformsaweakacid.
UCLA: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability

5. TheMovementofPeople
‘Migration’-themovementofpeoplefromoneplacetoanother.
Thereisinternalmigrationandinternationalmigration.PushandPullFactorsinvolved.
Syria: Numbers and Locations of People Fleeing Internal Violence

6. FlowsofTradeandInvestment
“TheGulf’spushintoAfricaisbroadening,bysectorandgeographicallocation.
Gulfcompaniesareplacingmoreattentiononnewandunfamiliarmarketsineast,west
andsouthernAfrica.
FromtelecommunicationsandprivateequityinWestAfricatoenergyprojectsinSouth
AfricaandMozambique,investmentflowsarediversifying,concentratedinsmallto
mediumdeals.TheGCC’sgeographicalproximitytothecontinentanditsgoodairlinksare
helpingtogrowtrade,andGulfinvestorsareseekingbothequityanddirectinvestment
opportunities,althoughthesurgeofinvestorinteresthasmadeforacrowdedfield.”
The Economist: GCC Trade and Investment Flows

7. ThePurchaseofGoodsandServices
Goodsandservicesaretheoutcomeofhumaneffortstomeetthewantsandneedsof
people.
AGOODissomethingthatyoucanuseorconsume,likefoodorCDsorbooksoracaror
clothes.Youbuyagoodwiththeideathatyouwilluseiteitherjustonceoroverandover
again.
ASERVICEissomethingthatsomeonedoesforyoulikegiveyouahaircutorfixyoudinner
provideyouwithutilities(power,water,gas)oreventutoryou.Youdon’tgetsomething
‘solid’butyoudogetsomethingthatyouneed.
The Economist: GCC Trade and Investment Flows

8. CulturalGeography:CultureDifferences
“CULTURALGEOGRAPHYisoneofthetwomajorbranchesofgeography(versusphysical
geography)andisoftencalledHUMANGEOGRAPHY.Physicalgeographyencompasses
thegeographictraditionknownastheEarthSciencesTradition.
CULTURALGEOGRAPHYisthestudyofthemanyculturalaspectsfoundthroughoutthe
worldandhowtheyrelatetothespacesandplaceswheretheyoriginateandthentravel
aspeoplecontinuallymoveacrossvariousareas.”
Culturallandscapesarealsoimportantbecausetheylinkculturetothephysicalenvironmentsinwhich
peoplelive.Thisisvitalbecauseitcaneitherlimitornurturethedevelopmentofvariousaspectsof
culture.Forinstance,peoplelivinginaruralareaareoftenmoreculturallytiedtothenatural
environmentaroundthemthanthoselivinginalargemetropolitanarea.”
An Overview of Cultural Geography
PhysicalGeographyincludes:
•RocksandMinerals
•Landforms
•Soils
•Animals
•Plants
•Water
•Atmosphere
•RiversandotherWaterBodies
•Environment
•ClimateandWeather
•Oceans
HumanGeographyincludes:
•Population
•Settlements
•EconomicActivities
•Transportation
•RecreationalActivities
•Religion
•PoliticalSystems
•SocialTraditions
•HumanMigration
•AgriculturalSystems
•UrbanSystems

9. CyberGeography:TheExchangeofIdeasandInformation(CyberCulture)
“CyberGeographyisdefinedas‘thestudyofgeospatialnatureofcomputer
communicationsnetworks,particularlytheInternet,theWorldWideWebandother
electronic‘places’thatexistbehindourcomputerscreens,popularlyreferredtoas
CYBERSPACE.
CyberGeographyencompassesawiderangeof‘GeographicalPhenomena’fromthestudy
ofthephysicalinfrastructure,trafficflows,thedemographicsofthenewcyberspace
communities,totheperceptionandvisualisationofthesenewdigitalspaces.”
Web Cartography -Page 16 -Google Books Result

10. Globalization:PoliticalPowerandInternationalAgreements(Geopolitics)
Geopolitics:
fromGreekγῆge"earth,land"andπολιτικήpolitikē"politics")isthestudyoftheeffectsof
geography(humanandphysical)oninternationalpoliticsandinternationalrelations.
‘TheGeopoliticsofFood
THEDOUBLINGOFWORLDgrainpricessinceearly2007hasbeendrivenprimarilybytwo
factors:
•acceleratinggrowthindemandand
•theincreasingdifficultyofrapidlyexpandingproduction.
Theresultisaworldthatlooksstrikinglydifferentfromthebountifulglobalgraineconomy
ofthelastcentury.Whatwillthegeopoliticsoffoodlooklikeinaneweradominatedby
scarcity?Evenatthisearlystage,wecanseeatleastthebroadoutlinesoftheemerging
foodeconomy.
Onthedemandside,farmersnowfaceclearsourcesofincreasingpressure.Thefirstis
populationgrowth.Eachyeartheworld’sfarmersmustfeed80millionadditionalpeople,
nearlyallofthemindevelopingcountries.Some3billionpeople,meanwhile,arealso
tryingtomoveupthefoodchain,consumingmoremeat,milk,andeggs.Asmorefamilies
inChinaandelsewhereenterthemiddleclass,theyexpecttoeatbetter.Butasglobal
consumptionofgrain-intensivelivestockproductsclimbs,sodoesthedemandfortheextra
cornandsoybeansneededtofeedallthatlivestock.”
The New Geopolitics of Food

11. Quaternary Period
CenozoicEra
Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch
Neogene Period
Paleogene Period

12. AnthropoceneEpoch
TheAgeofMan
“Anthropocenehasbecomeanenvironmentalbuzzwordeversincetheatmospheric
chemistandNobellaureatePaulCrutzenpopularizeditin2000.…TheIUGS(The
InternationalUnionofGeologicalSciences)convenedagroupofscholarstodecideby
2016whethertoofficiallydeclarethattheHoloceneisoverandtheAnthropocenehas
begun.”
Anthropocene: What is the Anthropocene and Are We in It? (Smithsonian.com)
“TheQuaternaryPeriodisageologictimeperiodthatencompassesthemostrecent2.6
millionyear–includingthepresentday.Thisperiodhasinvolveddramaticchanges,which
affectfoodresourcesandbroughtabouttheextinctionofmayspecies.Theperiodalso
sawtheriseofanewpredator:Man.
ThisPeriodispartoftheCenozoicEra,theperiodisusuallydividedintotwoepochs:
•ThePleistoceneEpoch–approx.2millionyearsagotoabout12,000yearsago,and
•TheHoloceneEpochwhichbeganabout12,000yearsago.
Quaternary Period: Climate, Animals & Other Facts
Quaternary Period
CenozoicEra
Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Anthropocene Epoch
Neogene Period
Paleogene Period

13. AnthropoceneEpoch
TheAgeofMan
Video:WelcometotheAnthropocene(Clickhereforthevideo)
“A3-minutejourneythroughthelast250yearsfromthestartofthe
IndustrialRevolutiontotoday.”
ThisfilmopenedtheUN’sRio+20summit,thelargesteventintheUN’shistory.
Thefollowingisatranscript(narratedtext)ofthevideo:
“Thisisthestoryofhowonespecieschangedaplanet.
ThelatestchapterofourstorybeginsinEnglandtwohundredandfiftyyears
ago.Fuelledbycoal,thenoil,severalbrilliantinventionsappeared.They
ignitedtheIndustrialRevolution,whichspreadlikewildfirethroughEurope,
NorthAmerica,Japanthenelsewhere.
Thegreatrailways,thencarsandhighways,connectedpeopleacrosstheglobe.
Medicaldiscoveriessavedmillionsoflives.Newartificialfertilizersmeantwe
couldfeedmorepeople.Populationroserapidly.Butthiswasnothingcompared
withwhatwastocome.
The1950smarkedthebeginningoftheGreatAcceleration.Globalization,
marketing,tourismandhugeinvestmentshelpedfuelenormousgrowth.People
swarmedtocities,whichbecameevenmorepowerfulenginesofcreativity.

14. In a single lifetime the wellbeing of millions has improved beyond measure.
Health, wealth, security, longevity.
Neverhavesomanyhadsomuch.Yetonebillionaremalnourished.
Inasinglelifetimewehavegrownintoaphenomenalglobalforce.
Wemovemoresedimentandrockannuallythanallnaturalprocesses,suchas
erosionandrivers.Wemanagethreequartersofalllandoutsidetheice
sheets.Greenhousegaslevelsthishighhavenotbeenseenforoverone
millionyears.Temperaturesareincreasing.Wehavemadeaholeintheozone
layer.Wearelosingbiodiversity.Manyoftheworld’sdeltasaresinkingdueto
damming,miningandothercauses.Sealevelisrising.Oceanacidificationisa
realthreat.WearealteringEarth’snaturalcycles.
WehaveenteredtheAnthropocene,anewgeologicalepochdominatedby
humanity.
Thisrelentlesspressureonourplanetrisksunprecedenteddestabilization.
Butourcreativity,energyandindustryofferhope.
•Wehaveshapedourpast.
•Weareshapingourpresent.
•Wecanshapeourfuture.
YouandIarepartofthisstory.Wearethefirstgenerationtorealizethisnew
responsibility.Asthepopulationgrowstoninebillion,wemustfindasafe
operatingspaceforhumanityforthesakeoffuturegenerations.
WelcometotheAnthropocene.”

15. The Downward Spiral: Another U.S. Government Sellout: Fracking for Export

16. •An Overview of Cultural Geography
•Anthropocene: Welcome to the Anthropocene
•Anthropocene: What is the Anthropocene and Are We in It?
(Smithsonian.com)
•Australian Curriculum: Geography: Glossary
•Cybercrime: The Growing Cost
•Cybercrime: The Top 20 Countries
•Geopolitics: The New Geopolitics of Food
•Introduction to Physical Geography
•Quaternary Period: Climate, Animals & Other Facts
•Syria: Numbers and Locations of People Fleeing Internal Violence
•The Downward Spiral: Another U.S. Government Sellout: Fracking for
Export
•The Economist: GCC Trade and Investment Flows
•UCLA: Institute of the Environment and Sustainability
•Video:WhatisCulturalGeography?
•Video:WhatisPhysicalGeography?
•WebCartography-Page16-GoogleBooksResult