Intro to wireless sensor network

Introduction
Differences with ad hoc networks
Applications
Characteristics
Challenges
Future
Motes
Hardware Setup Overview

1. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 1
Introduction to
Wireless Sensor Networks
9/21/2019
Dr. Vrince Vimal
Computer Science and Engineering

2. 9/21/2019WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 2
UNIT I 8 Hours
CharacteristicsOfWSN:CharacteristicrequirementsforWSN-ChallengesforWSNs–WSNvs.AdhocNetworks-Sensor
nodearchitecture–Commerciallyavailablesensornodes–Imote,IRIS,MicaMote,EYESnodes,BTnodes,TelosB,Physical
layerandtransceiverdesignconsiderationsinWSNs,Energyusageprofile,Choiceofmodulationscheme
UNITII 8Hours
MediumAccessControlProtocols:FundamentalsofMACprotocols-Lowdutycycleprotocolsandwakeupconcepts–
Contentionbasedprotocols-Schedule-basedprotocols-SMAC-BMAC-Traffic-adaptivemediumaccessprotocol
(TRAMA)-TheIEEE802.15.4MACprotocolandZigbeeprotocol
UNITIII 8Hours
RoutingAndDataGatheringProtocols:RoutingChallengesandDesignIssuesinWirelessSensorNetworks,Floodingand
gossiping–DatacentricRouting–SPIN–DirectedDiffusion–Energyawarerouting-Gradient-basedrouting-Rumor
Routing–COUGAR–ACQUIRE–HierarchicalRouting-LEACH,PEGASIS,EnergyminimizingBroadcast,Data
aggregation-dataaggregationoperations-AggregateQueriesinSensorNetworks
UNITIV 8Hours
EmbeddedOperatingSystems:OperatingSystemsforWirelessSensorNetworks–Introduction-OperatingSystemDesign
Issues-ExamplesofOperatingSystems–TinyOS–Mate–MagnetOS–MANTIS-OSPM-EYESOS–SenOS–
EMERALDS–PicOS
UNITV 8Hours
ApplicationsOfWSN:WSNApplications-HomeControl-BuildingAutomation-IndustrialAutomation-Medical
Applications-ReconfigurableSensorNetworks-HighwayMonitoring-MilitaryApplications.

3. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 3
Slides Source
6 www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
19-23 http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
7-13 http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
17-18,29-33 http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
15-16 www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
24 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm
32-33 http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf
Table of References
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4. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 4
Agenda
•Introduction
•Differences with ad hoc networks
•Applications
•Characteristics
•Challenges
•Future
•Motes
•Hardware Setup Overview
9/21/2019

5. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 5
Introduction
•WirelessSensorNetworksarenetworksthatconsists
ofsensorswhicharedistributedinanadhoc
manner.
•Thesesensorsworkwitheachothertosensesome
physicalphenomenonandthentheinformation
gatheredisprocessedtogetrelevantresults.
•Wirelesssensornetworksconsistsofprotocolsand
algorithmswithself-organizingcapabilities.
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6. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 6
Example of WSN
Ref:http://esd.sci.univr.it/images/wsn-example.png
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7. Comparison with ad hoc networks
•Wirelesssensornetworksmainlyusebroadcast
communicationwhileadhocnetworksusepoint-to-point
communication.
•Unlikeadhocnetworkswirelesssensornetworksarelimited
bysensorslimitedpower,energyandcomputationalcapability.
•SensornodesmaynothaveglobalIDbecauseofthelarge
amountofoverheadandlargenumberofsensors.
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 79/21/2019

8. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 8
Applications of Wireless Sensor
networks
The applications can be divided in three categories:
1.Monitoring of objects.
2.Monitoring of an area.
3.Monitoring of both area and objects.
* Classification due to Culler, Estrin, Srivastava
9/21/2019

9. Monitoring Area
•Environmental and Habitat Monitoring
•Precision Agriculture
•Indoor Climate Control
•Military Surveillance
•Treaty Verification
•Intelligent Alarms
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 99/21/2019

10. Example: Precision Agriculture
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 10
•Precision agriculture aims at
making cultural operations
more efficient, while reducing
environmental impact.
•The information collected
from sensors is used to
evaluate optimum sowing
density, estimate fertilizers
and other inputs needs, and to
more accurately predict crop
yields.
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11. Monitoring Objects
•Structural Monitoring
•Eco-physiology
•Condition-based Maintenance
•Medical Diagnostics
•Urban terrain mapping
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 119/21/2019

12. Example: Condition-based
Maintenance
•Intel fabrication plants
•Sensors collect vibration data, monitor wear and tear; report data in real-
time
•Reduces need for a team of engineers; cutting costs by several orders of
magnitude
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 129/21/2019

13. Monitoring Interactions between Objects
and Space
•Wildlife Habitats
•Disaster Management
•Emergency Response
•Ubiquitous Computing
•Asset Tracking
•Health Care
•Manufacturing Process Flows
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 139/21/2019

14. Example: Habitat Monitoring
•The ZebraNet Project
Collar-mounted sensors monitor zebra movement in
Kenya
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 14
Source: Margaret Martonosi, Princeton University
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15. WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 15
Characteristics of Wireless Sensor
Networks
•WirelessSensorNetworksmainlyconsistsofsensors.
Sensorsare-
•lowpower
•limitedmemory
•energyconstrainedduetotheirsmallsize.
•Wirelessnetworkscanalsobedeployedinextreme
environmentalconditionsandmaybepronetoenemy
attacks.
•Althoughdeployedinanadhocmannertheyneedtobe
selforganizedandselfhealingandcanfaceconstant
reconfiguration.
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16. Design Challenges
•Heterogeneity
•The devices deployed maybe of various types and need to
collaborate with each other.
•Distributed Processing
•The algorithms need to be centralized as the processing is
carried out on different nodes.
•Low Bandwidth Communication
•The data should be transferred efficiently between sensors
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 169/21/2019

17. Continued..
•Large Scale Coordination
•The sensors need to coordinate with each other to produce
required results.
•Utilization of Sensors
•The sensors should be utilized in a ways that produce the
maximum performance and use less energy.
•Real Time Computation
•The computation should be done quickly as new data is
always being generated.
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 179/21/2019

18. Operational Challenges of Wireless
Sensor Networks
•Energy Efficiency
•Limited storage and computation
•Low bandwidth and high error rates
•Errors are common
•Wireless communication
•Noisy measurements
•Node failure are expected
•Scalability to a large number of sensor nodes
•Survivability in harsh environments
•Experiments are time-and space-intensive
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 189/21/2019

19. Enabling Technologies
Embedded
Networked
Sensing
Control system w/
Small form factor
Untethered nodes
Exploit
collaborative
Sensing, action
Tightly coupled to physical world
Embed numerous distributed
devices to monitor and interact
with physical world
Network devices to coordinate
and perform higher-level tasks
Exploit spatially and temporally dense, in situ, sensing and actuation
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 199/21/2019

20. Future of WSN
Smart Home / Smart Office
•Sensors controlling
appliances and electrical
devices in the house.
•Better lighting and heating
in office buildings.
•The Pentagon building
has used sensors
extensively.
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 209/21/2019

21. Biomedical / Medical
•Health Monitors
•Glucose
•Heart rate
•Cancer detection
•Chronic Diseases
•Artificial retina
•Cochlear implants
•Hospital Sensors
•Monitor vital signs
•Record anomalies
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 219/21/2019

22. Military
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 22
Remote deployment of
sensors for tactical monitoring
of enemy troop movements.
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23. Industrial & Commercial
•Numerous industrial and commercial applications:
•Agricultural Crop Conditions
•Inventory Tracking
•In-Process Parts Tracking
•Automated Problem Reporting
•RFID –Theft Deterrent and Customer Tracing
•Plant Equipment Maintenance Monitoring
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 23 9/21/2019

24. Traffic Management & Monitoring
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 24
Future cars could use
wireless sensors to:
⚫Handle Accidents
⚫Handle Thefts
✓Sensors embedded
in the roads to:
–Monitor traffic flows
–Provide real-time
route updates
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25. What are motes?
Motesmainly consist of three parts:-
•Mote basically consists of a low cost and power
computer.
•The computer monitors one or more sensors. Sensors
may be for temperature, light, sound, position,
acceleration, vibration, stress, weight, pressure,
humidity, etc.
•The computer connects to the outside world with a
radio link.
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 259/21/2019

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Intel Mote
➢Developed keeping in mind new R & D objectives :
•Elevated CPU Performance.
•Small size.
•Improved radio b/w. (modular HW/SW design).
•Low power consumption.
•Reliability.
•Off-the shelf components.
➢Support and collaborate with WSN research
•Multi hop and power aware routing.

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➢Integrated wireless microcontroller consisting of an
ARM7 core processor, (Atmel)
▪Bluetooth* radio, (900 Mhz, zigbee)
▪AM and FLASH memory.
▪various I/O options.

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INTEL Mote Prototype

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❖Bluetooth
➢SOC integrated devices
✓Single chip BT/Controller/Memory
✓Low cost, highly available.
➢Radio Frequency
✓Link Level reliability and secure data transmission.
✓Higher power
✓Higher bandwidth
✓Spread spectrum operation

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➢Technical specifications:
✓ARM 7 Core
✓12 MHz
✓64 kB SRAM
✓512kB Flash
➢BT Radio
✓Battery duty cycle < 1%
✓30 m range
✓+4dbm transmit and -80 dbmreceive abilities

32. Mica Motes
•4 Mhz 8-bit CPU
•Atmel ATmega103 /128L
•128KB Instruction Memory
•4KB RAM
•4 Mbit flash (AT45DB041B)
•SPI interface
•Focused hardware acceleration
•Network programming
•51-pin connector
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 329/21/2019

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✓16x program memory size (128 KB)
✓8x data memory size (4 KB)
✓16x secondary storage (512 KB)
✓5x radio bandwidth (50 Kb/s)
✓6 ADC channels available
✓Same processor performance
✓Allows for external SRAM expansion
✓Provides sub microsecond RF synchronization
primitive
✓Provides unique serial ID’s (Maxim DS2401 )
✓On-board DC booster
✓Remains Compatible with Rene Hardware and
current tool chain
Features

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IRIS
•2.4 GHz Mote module, with XM2110CA (based on the
Atmel ATmega1281).
•Low-power, wireless sensor networks.
•Features several new capabilities that enhance the overall
functionality of MEMSIC’s wireless sensor networking.
•Deeply Embedded Sensor Networks.
•Wireless Communications with Every Node as Router
Capability.

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▪Rangesasfaras500metersbetweennodeswithout
amplification.
▪IEEE802.15.4compliantRFtransceiver.
▪2.4to2.48GHz,agloballycompatibleISMband.
▪Directsequencespreadspectrumradiowhichisresistantto
RFinterferenceandprovidesinherentdatasecurity.
▪Expansionconnectorforlight,temperature,RH,
barometricpressure,acceleration/seismic,acoustic,
magneticandotherCrossbowsensorboards.
▪250kbpsdatarate.
▪SupportedbyMoteWorks™wirelesssensornetwork
platformforreliable,ad-hocmeshnetworking.
▪PlugandplaywithCrossbow’ssensorboards,data
acquisitionboards,gateways,andsoftware.

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•IndoorBuildingMonitoringandSecurity
•Acoustic,Video,VibrationandOtherHigh-SpeedSensor
Data.
•LargeScaleSensorNetwork
Applications

39. Telosb Motes
•designed to enable cutting-edge experimentation for
the research community.
•Telosb motes have USB programming capability
•An IEEE 802.15.4 compliant, high data rate radio with
integrated antenna, a low-power MCU
•There are also equipped with extended memory and an
optional sensor suite
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 399/21/2019

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• 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, a globally compatible ISM band
• 250 kbps data rate
•IEEE 802.15.4 compliant RF transceiver
• Integrated onboard antenna
• 8 MHz TI MSP430 microcontroller with 10kB RAM
• Low current consumption
• 1MB external flash for data logging
• Programming and data collection via USB
• Sensor suite including integrated light, temperature and
humidity sensor
• Runs Tiny OS 1.1.11 or higher
Features

41. TELOSB MOTE
WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 41
Ref:http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~culler/eecs194/labs/lab1/telosb.JPG
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•Modulation is the process by which some characteristics
of a carrier is varied in accordance with a modulation
wave .
•Modulation is the process of putting information onto a
high frequency carrier for transmission (frequency
translation).
•Such a modification is achieved by mean of a process
called modulation .
Modulation

43. 9/21/2019WSN; IOT;V sem, GEHU by Dr. Vrince Vimal 43
•Inthemodulationprocess,thebasebandsignleiscalled
“modulatingsignal”andantherhigherfrequencysignal
iscalledasthe“carrier”.Thecarriersignalwillcarry
themodulatingsignaltothedestination.
➢Reasonsformodulation:
•Simultaneoustransmissionofseveralsignals
•PracticalDesignofAntennas
•Exchangeofpowerandbandwidth

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DIFFERENT TYPE Of MODULATION
Analog modulation -The modulating signal and carrier
both are analogue signal.
:Amplitude modulation (AM),
Frequency modulation (FM),
Phase modulation (PM)

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION

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Frequency Modulation

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Phase Modulation

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ASK

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FSK

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PSK

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BPSK

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QPSK

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M-ARY QAM
Orthonormal passband functions
Orthonormal passband functions

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SS diagram for 16-QAM & corresponding 4-PAM

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Probability of Error

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Energy Model
For the radio hardware, the transmitter dissipates energy to run the transmitter radio
electronics and power amplifier. The receiver dissipates energy to run the receive radio
electronics .

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For x’mitting L bits to distance d energy consumed by x’mitter
α=2, FS
α=4, MMP

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In receiving L bits of message energy consumed by
receiver:
let there be n nodes uniformly distributed in an MM area
and k clusters in topology. There will be on an average
n=k nodes per cluster. Out of these, there will be one
cluster head node and remaining ((n/k-1)) member head
nodes.

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The energy consumption E
mem
The energy consumption E
CHfor a particular CH is due
to:
1.Energy spent in receiving data.
2.Energy consumed in aggregating data
3.Energy consumed in transmitting data.
The total energy consumption E
CH

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Thanks

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References
1.Eschenauer, L., and V. Gligor, “A Key-Management Scheme for Distributed Sensor Networks,” Proceedings
of ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (ACM CCS), Washington DC, pp. 41-47, 2002
2.http://www.xbow.com/products/Product_pdf_files/Wireless_pdf/MICA2_Datasheet.pdf
3.http://www.ece.osu.edu/~bibyk/ee582/telosMote.pdf
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Sensor_Networks
5.http://arri.uta.edu/acs/networks/WirelessSensorNetChap04.pdf
6.http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mdw/course/cs263/papers/jhill-thesis.pdf
7.http://www.polastre.com/papers/polastre-thesis-final.pdf
8.www.cse.fau.edu/~jie/teaching/fall_2004_files/sensorslides1.ppt
9.http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/cs/aggarwal/cs60520/SeminarMaterial/WSN-future.ppt
10.http://web.cecs.pdx.edu/~nbulusu/talks/grace-hopper.ppt
11.http://galaxy.cs.lamar.edu/~bsun/wsn/wsn.html
12.www.dsc.ufcg.edu.br/~maspohn/katia/introduction.ppt
13.http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mote1.htm
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