Introduction of Edible oils (Unit 1)

designed for undergraduate teaching

1. Introduction of edible oil 1.1 Introduction of major source of edible oil 1.2 Natural oil 1.3 Synthetic oil 12/2/2020 1 Dr. Mohammed Danish

2. Introduction of oils and fats Fat and oils occur naturally in a wide range of sources, with each source providing a separate and distinctive materials. Hundreds of seeds and fruits bear oil, all animals produce fat, and marine sources also provide oils. All edible fats and oils are water insoluble substances that consists predominantly of glyceryl esters of fatty acids, or triglycerides, with some nonglyceridic materials present in small or trace quantities. The term fats and oils are used interchangeably, and the choice of the terms is usually based on the physical state of the material at ambient temperature. Fat appears solid at ambient temperature and oil appears liquid. The melting points of fats are higher than the melting point of oils. 12/2/2020 2 Dr. Mohammed Danish

3. Oil and fat belong to a group of organic compounds known as lipid. Oils and fats are natural occurring esters. Fats are found in animals Oils are found in both animals and plants Fats are oils are esters (Fatty acids + glycerol) Fatty acids containing 12-18 carbons per molecule. 12/2/2020 3 Dr. Mohammed Danish

4. Fatty acids 12/2/2020 4 Name of fatty acid Molecular formula Types of fatty acid Lauric acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 10 COOH Saurated Palmatic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 14 COOH Saturated Stearic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH Saturated Oleic cid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 7 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Linoleic acid CH 3 (CH 2 ) 4 CH=CHCH 2 CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7 COOH Unsaturated Dr. Mohammed Danish

5. Difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat 12/2/2020 5 Saturated fats Unsaturated fats Consist of saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chains. Consist of unsaturated fatty acids. UnsSaturated fatty acids have one or more than one double bonds in the fatty acid chains. Higher melting point Lower melting point Exist as solid at room temperature. Exist as liquid at room temperature. Can not be hydrogenated. Can be hydrogenated High cholesterol content No cholesterol content Dr. Mohammed Danish

6. Sources of edible oils It was only during the last 10,000 years that they learned domesticate plants and animals. The combined largest source of vegetable oils is the seeds of annual plants grown in relatively temperate climates. The second source of the vegetable oil is oil-bearing trees. Olive, coconut, and palm oils are extracted from the fruit pulp rather than the seed of the fruit. Olive tree are the most hardy and can survive to be several hundred year old. Coconut tree can start to bear fruit after 5 to 6 years, and their life expectancy is as long as 60 years. Palm tree start to bear fruit after 4 to 5 years and continue to do so far another 20 to 25 years. 12/2/2020 6 Dr. Mohammed Danish

7. Vegetable oil yields 12/2/2020 7 Oil seed Oil content (%) Canola 40-45 Corn 3.1-5.7 Cottonseed 18-20 Peanut 45-50 Safflower 30-35 Coconut 65-68 Olive 15-35 Palm 45-50 Dr. Mohammed Danish

8. Natural oil 12/2/2020 8 Natural oils are those that extracted from the oil bearing seed or fruit. Natural oils also known as essential oil. Essential oil contain true essence of the plant it was derived from. It is highly concentrated. It doesn’t contain artificial substances, unlike perfumes and fragrant oils. Essential oils are steam distilled or expressed. It is mixture of organic compounds. The distinctive character of an essential oil can be attributed to the functional present in its key molecules. Ester, ethers, aldehydes, lactones, ketones, and alcohols are all found in the essential oils. Dr. Mohammed Danish

9. Synthetic oil Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that artificially made. Synthetic oil was developed before the second world war. In 1975 first commercially available synthetic oil was launched. Synthetic oils are better perfoming oils so the use of it increased and auto manufactureers now require the use of synthetic oil in engines. Synthetic oils has uniformly consistent properties, unlike cruide oil, which is a mixture of hydrocarbons of varying molecular structure and size. Synthetic oils contains fewer impurities that affect the durability of conventional motor oil. Consequently, synthetic oil lasts longer and provides a significantly greater level of engine protection. 12/2/2020 9 Dr. Mohammed Danish

10. Definition of synthetic oil Synthetic oil is made with products that are chemically manufactured. These products, primarily polyalphaolefins (PAO) and ester, possess many of the same qualities as crude oil but without its disadvantages. The chemical processes permit tight control of the molecular structure of PAOs and esters, ensuring the final oils have uniform and stable properties. Some synthetic oils are made from highly refined crude oil. A process known as severe hydrocracking breaks the long chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more uniform molecules and at the same time reduces the level of impurities in the oil. Synthetic oil is an effective substitute for normal refined lubrication oil and has superior lubricating properties, is longer lasting, and is a better choice for modern engine. 12/2/2020 10 Dr. Mohammed Danish

11. Advantages of using synthetic oils Synthetic motor oil provides the following benefits: Longer engine life Lower emissions Excellent winter performance Enhanced engine wear protection Minimal deterioration between oil changes Cleaner engines 12/2/2020 11 Dr. Mohammed Danish

12. Review of todays lecture 12/2/2020 12 Dr. Mohammed Danish

13. End of slides Thanks for your attention! 12/2/2020 13 Dr. Mohammed Danish