Introduction to anatomy and physiology(definitions)-1.pptx

health matters of the body

1. Anatomy and Physiology NIWEC

2. What We are to Learn 1) What is anatomy and what is phisiology ? 2) Why medical missioneries should learn anatomy and phisiology ? 3)The eight main body system . 4) How the knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in medical missionery practice . NIWEC

3. 1. What is ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY? a) Anatomy (uh-NA-toh-mee) “The study of the structure of a plant or animal . Human anatomy includes the cells , tissues , and organs that make up the body and how they are organized in the body. ” National Cancer Institute(.gov) NIWEC

4. 1. What is ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY? b) Physiology Physiology is the study of how the human body works. It describes body functions , from how molecules behave in cells to how systems of organs work together. NIWEC

5. 2) Why medical missioneries should learn anatomy and phisiology ? 1. Understand body parts, their functions and how they are interelated. 2. Knowledge on anatomy and physiology helps in proper disease diagnosis. 3. Appreciate the mervelouse creative work of God in us.

6. Therefore the health should be as faithfully guarded as the character. A knowledge of physiology and hygiene should be the basis of all educational effort. ED 195.1 NIWEC

7. Though the facts of physiology are now so generally understood, there is an alarming indifference in regard to the principles of health. Even of those who have a knowledge of these principles, there are few who put them in practice. Inclination or impulse is followed as blindly as if life were controlled by mere chance rather than by definite and unvarying laws. ED 195.2....

8. 3)The eight main body system . 1. Digestive system 2. Respiratory system 3. Circulatory system 4. Urinary system 5. Reproductive system 6. Nervous system 7. Skeletal system 8. Lymphatic system

9. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System

10. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System The nose , nasal cavity , pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , and bronchioles ; their function is to filter , warm , and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs . NIWEC

11. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System The respiratory zone consists of tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs . These include the respiratory bronchioles , alveolar ducts , alveolar sacs , and alveoli and are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood. NIWEC

12. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System As inhaled air whirls around the conchae and meatuses, it is warmed by blood in the capillaries. Mucus secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air and traps dust particles. The cilia move the mucus and trapped dust particles toward the pharynx, at which point they can be swallowed or spit out, thus removing the particles from the respiratory tract. NIWEC

13. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System Pharynx • The pharynx (FAR-inks), or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm Its wall is composed of skeletal muscles and is lined with a mucous membrane. Relaxed skeletal muscles help keep the pharynx patent (OPEN). • Contraction of the skeletal muscles assists ideglutition(swallowing). • The pharynx functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders The muscles of the entire pharynx are arranged in two layers, an outer circular layer and an inner longitudinal layer.

14. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System The trachea (TRAˉ -keˉ-a sturdy), or windpipe, is a tubular passageway for air that is about 12 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter The layers of the tracheal wall, , are the (1) mucosa, consists of an epithelial layer ; It provides the same protection against dust as the membrane lining the nasal cavity and larynx. NIWEC

15. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System Bronchi • The trachea divides into a right bronchus (BRONGkus windpipe), which goes into the right lung,and a left bronchus, which goes into the left lung

16. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System • The lungs (lightweights, because they float) are paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. • Each lung is enclosed and protected by a double-layered serous membrane called the pleural membrane (PLOOR-al; pleur- sidThe diaphragmThe diaphragm

17. 3)The Anatomy and Physiology of; 1. The Respiratory System The diaphragm • The diaphragm, located below the lungs, is the major muscle of respiration. • It is a large, dome-shaped muscle that contracts rhythmically and continually, and most of the time, involuntarily. • Upon inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the chest cavity enlarges. This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls air into the lungs. • Upon exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and returns to its domelike shape, and air is forced out of the lungs.

18. 3)The eight main body system . Phisiology of Breathing system

19. 3)The eight main body system . Phisiology of Breathing system The process of gas exchange in the body, called respiration, has three basic steps: 1) The exchange of gas between the atmosphere (through the nose,trachea) and the alvioli of the lungs. 2)The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2 3)the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

20. 3)The eight main body system . Phisiology of Breathing system 1) The exchange of gas between the atmosphere (through the nose,trachea) and the alvioli of the lungs.

21. 3)The eight main body system . Phisiology of Breathing system 2)The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane. In this process, pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO2

22. 3)The eight main body system . Phisiology of Breathing system 3)the exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells. In this step the blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration.

23. 3)The eight main body system . 1. Respiratory system 2. Digestive system

24. 3) The anatomy & Physiology Digestive system. Parts of digestive system Parts of the digestive system spans the whole gastrointestinal tract (also called the alimentary canal ) is around 8 meters long .

25. 3) The anatomy & Physiology Digestive system. Parts of digestive system Parts of the digestive system spans the whole gastrointestinal tract (also called the alimentary canal ) is around 8 meters long . Mouth Oesophogus Stomach Duodenam Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

26. 3) The anatomy & Physiology Digestive system. Physiology of digestive system 1. Ingestion: This process involves taking foods and liquids into the mouth (eating). 2. Secretion: Cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete about 7 liters of water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the tract which help in digestion of food. 3. Mixing and propulsion: Alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus. This capability of the GI tract to mix and move material along its length is called motility. 4. Digestion: Digestion is of two types- Mechanical and Chemical digestion . 5. Absorption: The entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions, and the products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract is called absorption. The absorbed substances pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body. 6. Defecation: Wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria, cells sloughed from the lining of the GI tract, and indigestible materials that were not absorbed in their journey through the digestive tract leave the body through the anus in a process called defecation. The eliminated material is termed feces

27. 3) The anatomy & Physiology Digestive system. Physiology of digestive system 1- The Mouth Digestion begins even before the food enters the mouth. The smell, or even the thought of food, starts the production of saliva by the salivary glands. Once the food is inside the mouth, it is moistened by saliva, and the teeth and tongue begin the process of mechanical digestion. ..............