Introduction to Civil Engineering 22ESC141 - Module 1.pptx

Intro to Civil Engg Module 1 VTU

1. BY ADARSHA M R DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SJCIT INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING 22ESC141

2. What is Engineering? A profession of converting scientific knowledge into useful practical applications, where the materials and forces in nature are effectively used for the benefit of mankind.

3. What is Civil Engineering? Civil engineering is one of the oldest branch of engineering which involves surveys, planning, designing, construction and maintenance/repairs for any construction project including supervision for expected quality of materials of construction and strength, stability, durability through supervision as well as efficient construction management techniques.

4. Scope of different fields of Civil Engineering Surveying Structural Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Hydraulics and Water resources Transportation Engineering Environmental Engineering Construction Planning and Project Management

5. Introduction to Civil Engineering SURVEYING

6. Surveying is the technique of determining the relative position of different features on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements and representing them on a sheet of paper known as plan or map. Introduction to Civil Engineering SURVEYING

7. To determine the relative position of any objects or points of the earth. To determine the distance and angle between different objects. To prepare a map or plan to represent an area on a horizontal plan. To develop methods through the knowledge of modern science and the technology and use them in the field. To solve measurement problems in an optimal way. Introduction to Civil Engineering SURVEYING

8. Introduction to Civil Engineering STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

9. Structural engineering  is based upon physical laws and empirical knowledge of the structural performance of different materials and geometries. It utilises a number of simple structural elements to build complex structural systems. Introduction to Civil Engineering STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

10. It deals with analysis and design of structures Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc are designed It includes design of reinforced cement concrete (RCC) and steel structures Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components on the basis of loads, acting on structures Design of multi-storeyed buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering. Introduction to Civil Engineering STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

11. Introduction to Civil Engineering GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

12. Introduction to Civil Engineering GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING Geotechnical engineering is the subject that deals with the properties of soil (sand, silt and clay) in terms of construction technology, and assessment of slope stability and the risk of landslides. The study of properties and behaviour of soil under loads and changes in environmental conditions.

13. Introduction to Civil Engineering GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING It deals with the investigation of soil and bedrock. It helps to select the type of foundation. It deals with the design foundation for buildings, dams, retaining walls, bridges, road pavements. It helps to study the effect of soil. It deals with the study of compaction of soil.

14. Introduction to Civil Engineering HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

15. Introduction to Civil Engineering HYDRAULICS AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING Hydraulic engineering is the application of the principles of fluid mechanics to problems dealing with the collection, storage, control, transport, regulation, measurement, and use of water. Water resource engineering deals with planning, designing and developing water resources.

16. Introduction to Civil Engineering HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING It deals with the study of mechanics of water and its flow characteristics. It deals with the planning and manage the flow and storage of water. It includes design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Design of hydro power plants for generation of electricity.

17. Introduction to Civil Engineering WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING It includes design of reservoir capacity to store the water. It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques. It also deals with the study of measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff and flood control.

18. Introduction to Civil Engineering TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

19. Introduction to Civil Engineering TRANSPORATAION ENGINEERING Transportation engineering involves planning, design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems to help build smart, safe, and liveable communities.

20. Introduction to Civil Engineering TRANSPORATAION ENGINEERING It includes roadways, railways, airways and waterways. Role of transportation engineer is to construct facilities related to each mode of transportation. It helps to improve the crucial sections of railways and roads. It helps to develop the roads to remote places. Ports and harbours should be designed to accommodate. It involves geometric design of roadways. It involves accident study for safe and comfort transport system. For an airport, the runway and other facilities such as taxiways, terminal buildings, control towers, etc should be properly designed.

21. Introduction to Civil Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

22. Introduction to Civil Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Environmental engineering deals with the study of the natural environment/ecosystems, inter-relation between biotic and abiotic factors, safety of people against different types of pollution and treatment disposal of wastes.

23. Introduction to Civil Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING It deals with pollution control (water, air, noise and land) and public health engineering. It deals with the supply of purified water to the public. It involves measurement (quantification) of industrial pollutants. Research and development for recycling/ reusing the mass or energy from wastes. Conservation and preservation of natural resources and environment (ecosystems). Design, erection/construction and maintenance of water filters and water supply schemes (pipe lines).

24. Introduction to Civil Engineering CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & PROJECT ENGINEERING

25. Introduction to Civil Engineering Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects that involves choice of technology, definition of work tasks, estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & PROJECT ENGINEERING

26. Introduction to Civil Engineering It deals with the planning of different activities like manpower, materials and machinery to complete the construction economically and within time. It gives guidelines regarding the execution of construction work to be carried out. It helps in preparing construction schedule (Schedule is a systematic path of different activities carried out one after the other). It helps in proper management of materials, labour and equipments. Due to proper construction management there is overall control on work and finance. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING & PROJECT ENGINEERING

27. Basic Materials of construction Bricks Brick is a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun dried clay, used in construction.

28. Basic Materials of construction Bricks Uses/ Applications: First class and second class bricks are used for permanent structures such as buildings, dams, roads, bridge piers, etc. First class bricks are also used for architectural effects on structures. Second class bricks are used in construction but the surface should be plastered evenly because of the irregular size and shape of bricks. Third class or sun dried bricks are used only for temporary structures. Broken bricks are used as aggregate for foundation and road works. Manufacture of surki (powdered bricks) to be used in lime plaster and lime concrete.

29. Basic Materials of construction Bricks Characteristics/ Requirements/ Properties of good bricks: Bricks should be of uniform colour, size and shape. Standard size of brick should be maintained. They should be sound and compact. They should be free from cracks and other flaws such as air bubbles, stone nodules, etc with sharp and square edges. They should not absorb more than 1/5 of their own weight of water when immersed in water for 24 hours (15% to 20% of dry weight). The compressive strength of bricks should be in the range of 15 - 35 N/mm 2.

30. Basic Materials of construction Bricks Characteristics/ Requirements/ Properties of good bricks: They should not change in volume when wetted. They should neither be over burnt nr under burnt. They should be sound proof (i.e., no voids should be present) They should be non-inflammable and incombustible. They should be free from lime pitting (i.e., imperfection on the surface due to presence of large lime particles)

31. Basic Materials of construction Cement and Mortars

32. Basic Materials of construction Cement and Mortars Cement is powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide burned together in a kiln and finely pulverised and used as an ingredient of mortar and concrete. Mortar is paste (capable of setting and hardening) obtained by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates such as sand and binding material (ex: clay, gypsum, lime or cement or their combinations).

33. Basic Materials of construction Cement Uses: Production of concrete and mortar. Cement mortar can be used for masonry work, plaster, pointing, etc. Used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels, beams, stairs, columns, etc. Used for the preparation of foundations, watertight floors, footpaths, etc. Used for manufacturing precast pipes, garden seats, flower pots, dust bins, fencing posts, etc.

34. Basic Materials of construction Cement Requirements/ characteristics of good cement: Provides strength to masonry. Stiffens or hardens early. Possesses good plasticity. Excellent building material. Easily workable. Good moisture resistant.

35. Basic Materials of construction Cement Types of cement: Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) Rapid hardening cement Extra rapid hardening cement Low heat cement Sulfates resisting cement Quick setting cement Blast furnace slag cement High alumina cement White cement

36. Basic Materials of construction Mortar Uses: To bind masonry blocks like stones, bricks and to plaster slabs and walls. Used to give neat finishes to the wall, concrete surfaces, and pointed joints to masonry. Used to prepare concrete blocks, to fill joints and cracks in walls and as a filler material in stone masonry and ferro-cement works.

37. Basic Materials of construction Mortar Requirements/ characteristics of good mortar: Possess adhesion quality. Mortar should be water resistant. Deformability of mortar should be low. It should be economical. It should be easily workable in the site condition. Workability of mortar should be good. It helps the mortar to be paved thinly and evenly. Possess high durability. To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly. Cracks should not be developed in the joint formed by the mortar.

38. Basic Materials of construction Mortar Types of mortar: Cement mortar Lime mortar Gypsum mortar Mud mortar Composite mortar

39. Basic Materials of construction Plain Concrete

40. Basic Materials of construction Plain Concrete Concrete is a construction material composed of cement, fine aggregates (sand) and coarse aggregates mixed with water which hardens with time.

41. Basic Materials of construction Plain Concrete Properties: It should have high compressive strength. It should be able to resist climatic and chemical actions to be durable. It should be highly workable. It should be easy to mix, manage and transport. It should be free from bleeding and segregation. It should be highly resistive towards the fire to prevent problems like firing, spalling of concrete, etc.

42. Basic Materials of construction Plain Concrete Uses: Used in the construction of foundations. Used as bed concrete below wall footings, column footings and on walls below beams. Used to construct sill to obtain hard and even surface at window and ventilator sills. Used as coping concrete over the parapet and compound walls. Used for flagging the area around the buildings. Used to construct pavements. Used as plinth protection. Used in the construction of storm/ sewer at drains and small retaining walls.

43. Basic Materials of construction Reinforced Concrete

44. Basic Materials of construction Reinforced Concrete RCC is a composite building material consisting of concrete reinforced with steel.

45. Basic Materials of construction Reinforced Concrete Uses: RCC is used for the construction of roof slabs, columns, beams and footings in residential and commercial structures. It is used for the construction of bridges of small, medium and long spans resulting in aesthetically superior and economical structures in comparison with steel bridges. It is used in the construction of roads that is designed to carry heavy traffic loads. It is used in the construction of almost all types of foundation of structures. Pipes and conduits have been constructed from reinforced concrete.

46. Basic Materials of construction Prestressed Concrete

47. Basic Materials of construction Prestressed Concrete PSC is a structural material that allows for predetermined, engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses that occur when they are subjected to loading.

48. Basic Materials of construction Prestressed Concrete Uses: PSC is used in the construction of superstructure of bridges. Used in the construction of runways. Used in the construction of water tanks. Used in the construction of tall columns and retaining walls.

49. Basic Materials of construction Structural Steel

50. Basic Materials of construction Structural Steel Steel is a kind of alloy that is made of iron and carbon. Due to its high strength it is often used to build the framework of skyscrapers.

51. Basic Materials of construction Structural Steel Uses: Used as reinforcement in RCC structures. Used to construct high rise buildings. Used to construct industrial buildings. Used to construct residential buildings. Used to construct bridges.

52. Basic Materials of construction Structural Steel Types: Based on the physical properties and their composition Stainless steel (Steel in combination with chromium) Carbon steel (Combination of iron and carbon) Alloy steel (Carbon steel along with various other alloying elements) Tool steel (Carbon alloy steel well suited to manufacture tools)

53. Basic Materials of construction Construction Chemicals

54. Basic Materials of construction Construction Chemicals Construction chemicals are compounds that are added to concrete and mortar to enhance compatibility with the structure of buildings.

55. Basic Materials of construction Construction Chemicals Types: Concrete admixtures Surface retarders Adhesives and sealants Protective coatings Flooring compounds Waterproofing chemicals Chemicals to repair and maintenance the structure

56. Basic Materials of construction Construction Chemicals Uses: To improve workability To increase efficiency To add effectiveness To protect any part of any structure To accelerate the speed of construction work.

57. Structural elements of a building

58. Foundation Structural elements of a building

59. Foundation (substructure) - Lowest artificially prepared parts of the structure which are in direct contact with the ground and which transmit the loads of the structures to the ground. Foundation bed / Foundation soil - The soil ground on which the foundations rest and ultimately bears the load and interacts with the foundation of the building. Footing - Lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with the sub-soil. Structural elements of a building Foundation

60. Isolated footing Wall footings Combined footing Cantilever or Strap footing Mat foundation Structural elements of a building Types

61. Structural elements of a building Types Isolated footing Wall footing Combined footing Strap footing Mat footing

62. Functions of foundation: To distribute the total load coming on the structure onto a sub-soil to reduce intensity of load. To support the structures. To provide lateral stability to the structures against horizontal forces like wind, rain, earthquake, etc. To prepare a level and hard surface for concreting and masonry work. To distribute the non-uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the sub-soil. To prevent or minimise cracks due to the movement of moisture in case of weak or poor soils. To provide structural safety against undermining or scouring due to animals, flood water, etc. Structural elements of a building Foundation

63. Plinth Structural elements of a building

64. Plinth - Part of the superstructure located between the ground level and the floor level. Height of the plinth should be less than 45cm. Height of the plinth depends upon architectural elevation, ground level, highest flood level, etc. Structural elements of a building Plinth

65. Functions of plinth: Evenly distributes and disperses load of the columns to the foundations. Acts as a barrier or a retaining wall that keeps the concrete filled ground floor below the raised floor of the building. Plinth prevents the dampness and moisture of the ground floor to reach the building’s top structure. It gives strength and durability to the residential unit. Prevents cracks in the building when the foundation suffers from settlement. Structural elements of a building Plinth

66. Lintel Structural elements of a building

67. Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across an opening to support the portion of the structure above it. Lintels are easy and simple in construction. The ends of the lintel is built into masonry and thus the load carried by lintels is transferred to the masonry in jambs. Structural elements of a building Lintel

68. Functions of lintel: Supports the walls above the openings like doors, windows, etc. Provides the safeguard of the windows and doors. Withstands the imposed loads coming from the bricks above or block including the roofing members. Transfers all imposed loads to the side walls. Can be used as decorative architectural element. Structural elements of a building Lintel

69. Chejja Structural elements of a building

70. A sloping or horizontal structural projection usually provided over openings on external walls to provide protection from sun and rain. Structural elements of a building Chejja

71. Functions of chejja: Protects the house from external sunlight. Protects the house by providing a barrier for rain water to enter. Can be used to place the compressor of AC. Protects the wooden windows from rain and sun. Serves as an aesthetic decoration to the building. Structural elements of a building Chejja

72. Masonry wall Structural elements of a building

73. Masonry is a term to indicate the part of the construction that uses brick, concrete blocks, structural clay tile, and stone. These materials are held together with mortar. Structural elements of a building Masonry wall

74. Functions of masonry wall: Acts as a architectural effect. Granting fire and weather protection. Providing acoustic and thermal insulation. Subdividing space Supporting loads. Structural elements of a building Masonry wall

75. Structural elements of a building

76. Column Structural elements of a building

77. Column is a vertical compression member that spans from the substructure to the superstructure and transfers load from the top of the structure to the foundation. Structural elements of a building Column

78. Structural elements of a building Column Functions of columns: Column transfers the weight of the structure above to the other elements below. Columns chiefly support axial compressive loads. Load is transferred parallel to the longitudinal axis as compression. Columns are used to support floor/roof beams and the columns of the floor above. The columns at the bottom floor of a multi-storied building must carry the accumulative weight of all the floors above. Location of the columns ideally should be consistent throughout all floors.

79. Beam Structural elements of a building

80. Beam Structural elements of a building A beam is a horizontal flexural member that carries loads perpendicular to their longitudinal direction.

81. Beam Structural elements of a building Functions of beam: A beam resists loads applied laterally to the beam’s axis. Beams are used to support the weight of floors, ceilings and roofs of a building and to transfer the load to a vertical load bearing element of the structure. Beams carry wall loads which avoids loading concrete slab. Transfer beams are used to support the cumulative weight of stacked walls or other beams and to transfer the load to the supports. The load capacity and the span of a ceiling can be increased by the used of beams.

82. Slab Structural elements of a building

83. Slab Structural elements of a building A slab is a flat, two dimensional planar structural component of building having a very small thickness compared to its other two dimensions.

84. Slab Structural elements of a building Functions of slab: To provide a flat surface. To act as sound, heat and fire insulator. It provides a covering shelter or working flat surface in buildings. To transfer the load by bending in one or two directions. The upper slab becomes the ceiling for the storey beneath it.

85. Load transfer mechanism in a building

86. Staircase Structural elements of a building

87. Stair - Sequence of steps and it is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between the floors or landings. Staircase - Apartment or room of a building., in which the stair is located. Stairway - Opening or space occupied by the stair. Structural elements of a building Staircase

88. Straight stairs Turning stairs Quarter turn stairs Half turn stairs Three quarter turn stairs Circular or helical or spiral stairs: Structural elements of a building Types of staircase

89. Structural elements of a building Types of staircase Straight stairs Quarter turn stairs Half turn stairs (Dog legged) Half turn stairs (Open newel)

90. Structural elements of a building Types of staircase Three quarter turn stairs Spiral stairs

91. Functions of stair case: Aesthetics and appearance. Access to another floor. Safe and easy means to travel. Degree of insulation. Escape routes in case of emergency like fire. Structural elements of a building Staircase