Introduction to Critical Thinking Module 2 Part 1.pptx

Critical Thinking

1. Critical Thinking Approach Module – II

2. Thinking We think for a purpose within a point of view based on assumptions that lead to implications and consequences. We use Concepts Ideas and Theories to Interpret data, facts and experiences in order to answer questions, solve problem and resolve issues

3. The Elements of Thought The Elements of Thought is a model of thinking developed by Dr. Richard Paul to help us understand how we can divide up the different parts of thinking. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8Duz6MzB1U&t=78s

4. The Elements of Thought

5. The parts or elements of thinking

6. Elements of Thought

7. The Elements of Thought Point of View is how we see things, how we look at ideas, at each other, at the world. With  Point of View , we look at  Frames of Reference ,  Perspectives , and  Orientations . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuXf6w3uxKg&t=8s

8. All reasoning is done from some Point of View Identify your point of view Seek other points of view and identify their strengths and weaknesses Strive to be fair-minded in evaluating all points of view

9. The Elements of Thought We do things for a reason, with a goal in mind. There is something we want to accomplish, an action…and we have our sights set on it. This is our  Purpose . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tAPgRHPCQEA

10. All reasoning has a Purpose . State your purpose clearly Distinguish your purpose from related purposes Check often to be sure you are still on target Choose significant and realistic purposes

11. The Elements of Thought Human beings naturally ask questions…that’s how we learn about the world. Some questions are about simple facts; they have answers and we can find them. Another type of Question takes more time to figure out the answer and it involves thinking deeply. This type of question will lead us to discover different ways of thinking about the question. In fact, two good and intelligent people, with the same set of facts, could come to two different answers. So this type of question is the most important and it involves…critical thinking. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZvJPbQRnQ0

12. All reasoning is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some Question , solve some Problem State the question at issue clearly and precisely Express the question in several ways to clarify its meaning and scope Break the question into sub-questions Distinguish questions that have definitive answers from those that are a matter of opinion and from those that require consideration of multiple viewpoints

13. The Elements of Thought When we want to make a decision, we need Information.  Information consists of hard facts that give us clues to what’s happening. Information can come from data, observations, facts, experiences, statements, statistics, diagrams, anything that is concrete and can be verified. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3j_QRAHnrw

14. All reasoning is based on Information , Data , and Evidence Restrict your claims to those supported by the data you have Search for information that opposes your position, as well as information that supports it Make sure that all information used is clear, accurate, and relevant to the question at issue Make sure you have gathered sufficient information

15. The Elements of Thought An Inference is a conclusion we come to by analysing Information. It is inductive reasoning: looking at facts and then making a conclusion from those facts. An Interpretation is an Inference from a specific Point of View. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzD3Xsi3luM&t=1s

16. All reasoning contains Interpretations or Inferences by which we draw conclusions and give meaning to data Infer only what the evidence implies Check inferences for their consistency with each other Identify assumptions that lead you to your inferences

17. The Elements of Thought When we explore a problem, Concepts come into play. Concepts give us a common language, a shorthand so we can all understand things the same way. They are the terms we need to know to explore the problem. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iGkBychY-0&t=1s

18. All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, Concepts and ideas . Identify key concepts and explain them clearly Consider alternative concepts or alternative definitions of concepts Make sure you are using concepts with carefully and precision

19. The Elements of Thought All reasoning begins with Assumptions. When we think, we must assume certain things to be true without any real proof that they are. We build our thinking upon Assumptions. Here, in the Elements of Thought, we look at Assumptions as beliefs upon which we base the logic of what is being reasoned about. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfM5-pY5YXs

20. All reasoning is based on Assumptions (beliefs you take for granted) Clearly identify your assumptions and determine whether they are justifiable Consider how the assumptions are shaped by your point of view

21. The Elements of Thought When we come to our conclusion, our solution, then we need to look at what logically comes next, or could happen next, if we act on that conclusion. It’s time to look at the Implications and Consequences of our reasoning. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrDX-1rAHOA

22. All reasoning leads somewhere or has Implications and Consequences Trace the implications and consequences that follow from your reasoning. Search for negative as well as positive implications. Consider how one might think or act differently as a result of what you found