Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany

Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.

1. Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany BOTANY 104 Presented by: Fasama Hilton Kollie Lecturer, Department of Biology Mother Patern College of Health Sciences February 4 , 2019

2. Lesson Outline Overview of Cryptogamic botany Classification of cryptogams General characteristics of cryptogams Phanerogams Classification of Phanerogams

3. Lesson Objectives By the end of this lesson, students should be able to; Define the term Cryptogamic botany, cryptogams and phanerogams Identify the classification of cryptogams Describe the general characteristics of cryptogams Identify the major groups of phanerogams

4. Cryptogamic Botany Cryptogamae (Greek  kryptos , "hidden" +  gameein , "to marry") Lower plants or plant-like organisms that reproduce by spores They represent the non-seed bearing plants Other names, such as “ Thallophytes ", " lower plants ", and “ Spore plants " are also occasionally used. Spirogyra Ferns Mosses

5. Cryptogamic Botany Cont’d… Cryptogamae as a group are the opposite of the  Phanerogamae Algae , Lichens , Mosses and Ferns are the best known groups of cryptogams Fungi, Slim molds and Bacteria are also classified as cryptogams Fern Mosses Algae

6. Classification of Cryptogams Many biologist subscribe to a six (6) Kingdom system of high-level classification

7. Kingdom Representative Group Kingdom Eubacteria Bluegreen bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Many groups at about the phylum level, of unique prokaryotic organisms Kingdom Protista Algae , Slime molds Kingdom Fungi Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Lichens, Molds, Yeasts Kingdom Plantae Bryophytes (Mosses, liverworts and hornworts) Vascular cryptogams (Ferns, horsetails & Club mosses) Higher vascular plants ( Conifers, flowering plants) Kingdom Animalia Various invertebrate animal phyla Vertebrate animals Classification Cont’d…

8. Classification Cont’d… Kingdom Eubacteria Cyanobacteria Kingdom Protista Slime molds, Algae Kingdom Fungi Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota etc Kingdom Plantae Bryophytes (Moses , Liverworts & Hornworts) Vascular Cryptogams ( Ferns, horsetails & club mosses)

9. Classification of Plant Kingdom Along with animals, there are varieties of plant species living and surviving in diverse areas In 1883, A. W. Eichler proposed a system of classification for the whole plant kingdom EICHLER classified plants into two sub-kingdoms; Cryptogamae Phanerogamae

10. Plant Kingdom - Classification A. W. Eichler

11. Cryptogams Cryptogams are  lower plants or plant-like organisms that reproduce by spores They are also called “flowerless ” or “ seedless plants ” They are simple plants like algae, mosses and ferns which do not produce flowers, fruits and seeds

12. Characteristics of Cryptogams Cryptogams do not bear flowers and seeds They reproduce through spores They need moist environment to survive Eg : Yeast, Chlamydomonas , Nostoc , Ulothrix , Spirogyra, Ferns, Mosses, Liverworts, hornworts, horsetails etc Thallus spirogyra Horsetails

13. Classification of Cryptogams Cryptogams are divided further into three (3) divisions; Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta

14. Thallophyta: Commonly called Thyllophytes Includes plants whose body is not differentiated into roots, stems and leaves The plant body is called “ Thallus ” Thallophyta is sub-divided into; Algae Fungi

15. 1. Algae: Characteristically ; They are mostly found in water or moist place or well-lighted area They contain chlorophyll Their cell wall is made up of cellulose Ex: Volvox , Ulothrix , Spirogyra Volvox

16. 2. Fungi: Characteristically; Most are multicellular except yeast They grow in moist and dark places They lack chlorophyll Cell wall is made up of fungus cellulose or Chitin Examples: Mushroom , Mucor , Yeast etc

17. Bryophyta Seedless non vascular plants Bryophyta are the simples land plants with undifferentiated plant body They include plants such as mosses , liverworts , hornworts etc

18. Bryophyta Cont’d: Characteristically They are found in moist, cool and shady places They are known as amphibian plants as they need water for reproduction The plant body is leaf-life Thallus except moss Examples: liverworts, Moss, Hornworts, Riccia etc

19. Bryophyta Cont’d… Bryophyta is divided into three phyla; Marchantiophyta (Liverworts) Eg : Riccia, Marchantia etc Anthocerophyta (Hornworts) Eg : Anthoceros Bryophyta (Mosses) Eg : Funaria

20. Pteridophyta Known as “ Wing-plants ” Seedless vascular plants They are the most advanced cryptogams Vascular tissues present in their body Seedless vascular plants

21. Pteridophyta Examples: Ferns, Azola, Marsilea , Lycopodium, Horsetail etc

22. Pteridophyta : Pteridophyta is divided into four (4) phyla; Psilotophyta - eg : Psilotum Lycophyta - eg : Lycopodium, Selaginella Sphenophyta - eg : Horsetail Equisetum Pterophyta - eg : ferns, Nephrolepsis , Pteris , Dryopteris etc Lycopodium Psilotum

23. Phanerogams: Greek,  phaneros  = " visible “ + gameein , " to marry “ Also called Spermatophyta They prepare their own food Bear flowers of different structures and colors and they also bear seed They have well developed reproductive system

24. Classification of Phanerogams

25. Gymnosperms: They are naked-seeded plant as their seed are not enclosed in a fruit Characteristically; They do no produce flowers and fruits They are wood trees and live for many years The plant body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves Eg ; Cycas , fir, deodar etc

26. Gymnosperms Cont’d… Gymnosperms are generally divided into four distinct division; Cycadophyta – eg : Cycas Coniferophyta – eg : Pinus , Cedrus etc Ginkgophyta – eg : Maidenhair tree Gnetopsida – eg : Gnetum

27. Angiosperms: Angiosperms are the largest group among all the groups of plants Constitute about 80% of all green plants Found in varieties of habitats

28. Angiosperms Cont’d… Characteristically; They are autotrophs Their seeds are enclosed inside the fruits Plants of this group grow in different habitats. Some are Hydrophytes , Mesophytes , Xerophytes , and Epiphytes

29. Angiosperms Cont’d… Angiosperms are divided further into two classes; Monocotyledon Dicotyledons

30. Monocotyledon: One cotyledon Fibrous root system Long and narrow leaves with parallel venation They have a weak stem Examples: Wheat, Rice, Barley, Sugarcane, Maize, Bamboo etc. Rice ( Oryza sativa ) Maize ( Zea mays ) Barley

31. Dicotyledons Two seed leaves Broad leaves with reticulate venation Tap root system They have a strong stem Examples: Beans, Pea, Mustard, Orange, Mango etc

32. Reference: Nabors, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. www.aw-bc.com

33. Nelson Mandela “It is what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates one person from another”