Introduction to Medical Surgical Nursing

Nursing

1. Historical development of
Medical- Surgical
Nursing
Evolution of MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING
JUSTIN V SEBASTIAN, MSc N, RN, PhD Scholar

2. Introduction
•Medical surgical Nursing is a nursing speciality which is
concerned with care of adult patients in a broad range of
settings.
•Advances in medicine and surgery have resulted in medical-
surgical nursing evolving into its own specialty.
•The ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSES (AMSN) is
a specialty nursing organisation dedicated to nurturing medical-
surgical nurses as they advance their careers.

3. •In the history of Indian medicine begins from 3000 BC
In 2000 BC the RIGVEDA marks the beginning of Indian system of medicine.
In 272 BC king Ashoka built number of hospitals. He had given his emphasis
on the prevention of the diseases. Doctors, Nurses and the Midwifes were
also available in that time. Nalanda and Thaxaxila were the two famous
medical schools.

4. •In 100 B C, the surgical field was the well known by surgeons
Sushruta and Charaka. Especially two types of operation at
those times were outstanding, Removal of the gall bladder
stone and the plastic surgery of the nose

5. Nursing in India:
In the beginning the nursing was hindered by many difficulties like the cast
system among the Hindus, the Pardha system among the Muslims and the low
status of the women.
The military nursing was the earliest type
of the nursing in 1664 the British east India
a hospital forcompany helped to start
soldiers in madras
(St. George HOSPITAL)

6. 1854
•The government sanctioned
training school for the midwives.
1864
•St. Stephens Hospital Delhi
•First to train Indian girls as
nurses.
1871
•The government,
general hospital of
madras took a plan
to train the nurses

7. 1905
•T.N.A.I established
1926
•Madras state formed the first registration council
1946
•First four year Basic Bachelor degree program
established in R.A.K
1947-
49
•The Indian Nursing Council was passed by ordinance
on December 31, 1947 and was constituted in 1949.

8. History of Surgical Nursing
•1840s - Operate on a client who was free from pain. It was a revolution for
surgery. Development of safer anaesthetic gases allowed surgeons to
conduct longer operative procedures. All the surgery was conducted in
hospital setting and nurses are required special training for new
responsibilities such as assisting, preparing, caring for a patient in surgical
unit.
•1876s- In Massachusetts, general hospital provided the first operating
room education for nurses. The trend continued to 1900s as nursing
schools included operating room experience in each nurses clinical
instruction.

9. •1956- The association of operating room nurses was formed to gain
knowledge of surgical principles and explore methods to improve nursing
care of surgical clients. The associations of operating room nurses
overcame the idea that operating room nurses were only technically
skilled practitioners. This organisation also developed standard of nursing
practice to establish the need for registered nurses in the operating room.
•1970s-A change occurred in nursing education with a focus on the
importance of nurses acquiring a broad knowledge base, resulted in less
emphasis on operating room techniques. There has also been a new
development in the setting for operative procedures: • Ambulatory surgery:
It was also referred to as outpatient.

10. •One-day surgery: This health care service is presently growing rapidly in
numbers and various types of procedures such as invasive, non invasive
procedures are performed. Ambulatory surgery is a scheduled surgical
procedure provided for a client who does not remain overnight in a hospital,
e.g. biopsies, cosmetic surgery, cataract extractions.

11. CURRENT TRENDS
➢POPULATION CHANGE
➢ADVANCED NURSING PRACTICE
➢HEALTH CARE REFORMS: Government programs
➢COMPUTERIZATION
➢EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
➢EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE
➢CONSUMER ORIENTATION
➢ETHICAL CONCERN

12. CHANGE IN ROLE OF MEDICAL SURGICAL
NURSE
•Care givers
•Educator
•Advocator
•Leader and manager
•Researcher

13. Health
•WHO Definition Health
•A classic definition of health is that health is a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity (World Health Organization, 1974).

14. CAUSES OF DISEASE
•MECHANICAL
CAUSES
•BIOLOGICAL
CAUSES
• NORMATIVE
CAUSES(Pysicological)
•NUTRITIONAL
CAUSES
•ENVIRONMENTAL
CAUSES

15. International

Classification of Diseases

ICD


16. ICD
✓The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the standard diagnostic
tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes.


17. •This includes the analysis of the general health situation of
population groups. It is used to monitor the incidence and
prevalence of diseases and other health problems.
•It is used to classify diseases and other health problems and
vital records including death certificates and health records.

18. •A system for classification of diseases is needed whereby diseases could be grouped
according to certain common characteristics, that would facilitate the statistical study
of disease phenomena.


19. •Certain infectious and parasitic diseases(A00-B99)
•Neoplasm(C00-D48)
•Diseases of the blood and blood forming organs and certain disorders
involving the immune mechanism(D50-D89)
•Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases(E00-E90)
•Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99)
•Disease of the nervous system(G00-G99)

20. •Diseases of the eye and adnexa(H00-H59)
•Diseases of the ear and mastoid process(H60- H95)
•Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99)
•Diseases of the respiratory system(J00-J99)

21. •Diseases of digestive system(K00-K93).
•Disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissue(L00-L99).
•Diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue(M00-M99).
•Diseases of genitourinary system(N00-N99).

22. •Pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium(O00-O99).
•Certain conditions originating in perinatal period(P00-P96).
•Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-
Q99).
•Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings where
classified(R00-R99).
•Injury, poising and certain other consequences of external causes(S00-T98).
•External causes of morbidity and mortality(V01-Y90).
•Factors influencing health status and contact with health services(Z00-Z99).


23. Wellness
•Wellness, a term often used interchangeably with health, is an
active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental,
and emotional health.

24. Illness
State in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social developmental
or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired. It is a condition characterised
by a deviation from a normal, healthy state.

25. Classifications of Illness
•Illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic or terminal.
•Acute Illness
•An acute illness usually has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a
relatively short time. Although some acute illnesses are life threatening, with
self-treatment and use of over-the-counter medications simple acute illnesses,
such as the common cold or diarrhoea, do not usually require medical
Treatment.

26. Chronic Illness
•Chronic illness is a broad term that encompasses many different physical and
mental alterations in health, with one or more of the following characteristics:
•• It is a permanent change.
•• It causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and
physiology.
•• It requires special patient education for rehabilitation.
•• It requires a long period of care or support.

27. Terminal illness
•End stage disease is a disease that cannot be cured or treated, eventualy that
results in death.for eg; cancer

28. Age related illness
•Cancer
•Cardiovascular disease
•Diabetes
•Obesity
•Alzheimer’s disease
•Arthritis