INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY_Drug Information_Drug Sources pptx

Introduction to Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for MBBS Students

Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs and their interactions with living organisms. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from the discovery and development of new drugs to their therapeutic use and adverse effects. As an MBBS student, understanding pharmacology is essential for providing effective medical care.

Key Concepts in Pharmacology

Drug: Any substance that, when administered to a living organism, alters its physiological functions.
Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body.
Pharmacokinetics: The study of the movement of drugs through the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Therapeutic Index: A measure of a drug's safety.
Efficacy: The ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect.
Potency: The amount of a drug required to produce a given effect.
Adverse Effects: Unintended and harmful effects of a drug.
Drug Interaction: The effect of one drug on the action of another drug.
Activities and Assignments

Activities:

Drug Identification Games: Identify drugs based on chemical structures, generic names, or brand names.
Case-Based Learning: Analyze real-world cases and propose treatment plans.
Drug Interaction Simulations: Explore drug interactions and adverse effects.
Pharmacokinetic Calculations: Practice pharmacokinetic calculations.
Drug Development Process: Understand the drug development process.
Pharmacogenomics Workshop: Learn about pharmacogenomics.
Assignments:

Drug Research Project: Conduct in-depth research on a drug.
Drug Development Case Study: Analyze a drug development scenario.
Pharmacological Literature Review: Conduct a literature review on a pharmacological topic.
Drug Information Poster: Create a poster summarizing information about a drug.
Pharmacology Quiz or Exam: Assess understanding of key pharmacological concepts.
Additional Topics

Drug Nomenclature: Understand different naming systems for drugs, including chemical names, generic names, and brand names.
Orphan Drugs: Learn about drugs developed for rare diseases.
Drug Sourcing: Explore the process of identifying and obtaining drug samples.
By engaging in these activities and assignments, MBBS students will develop a strong foundation in pharmacology and be well-prepared to apply their knowledge in clinical practice.

1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Dr Arbind Kumar Ph.D ( Medical). Assistant Professor of Pharmacology, Government Erode Medical College and Hospital. Erode , Tamilnadu

2. A Detailed Overview

3. Key Terminology in Pharmacology Drug:  Any substance that, when administered to a living organism, alters its physiological functions.

4. Pharmacodynamics:   The study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body.  It involves how drugs interact with their target sites, such as receptors, enzymes, or nucleic acids, and the resulting pharmacological responses

5. Pharmacokinetics:

6. Branches of Pharmacology

7. Drug Nomenclature: A Brief Overview Drug nomenclature, or the system of naming drugs, is essential for clear communication and understanding in the healthcare field.  There are three primary types of drug names:

8. 1. Chemical Name

9. 2. Generic Name

10. 3. Brand Name

11. Salt Names:  

12. Isomers:  

13. Prodrugs

14. Orphan Drugs

15. Characteristics of Orphan Drugs:

16. Benefits of Orphan Drug Development:

17. Examples of Orphan Drugs:

18.  Sources of Drugs Source Description Examples Natural Drugs derived from plants, animals, minerals, or microorganisms Morphine (opium poppy), Insulin (animals), Penicillin (mold) Synthetic Chemically produced drugs in laboratories Aspirin, Diazepam, Ibuprofen Semi-Synthetic Natural drugs modified chemically in the lab Amoxicillin, Oxycodone, Heroin Biotechnological Drugs produced using living organisms or recombinant DNA Insulin, Monoclonal antibodies, Erythropoietin

19. Natural Sources

20. Animal Sources Animal products are used to derive drugs, particularly hormones and enzymes. Some biologically active compounds can only be obtained from animal tissues. Examples: Insulin  (initially extracted from the pancreas of pigs and cattle) Thyroid hormones  (from animal thyroid glands) Heparin  (an anticoagulant extracted from pig intestines or cow lungs)

21. Mineral Sources Certain minerals are used therapeutically to treat various conditions. These are often simple inorganic compounds that have specific physiological effects. Examples: Calcium carbonate  (used as an antacid) Iron supplements  (used to treat iron deficiency anemia) Magnesium sulfate  (used as a laxative and to treat eclampsia)

22. Microorganism Sources Many antibiotics and other drugs are derived from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and molds. Examples: Penicillin  (from the mold Penicillium notatum) Streptomycin  (from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus) Erythromycin  (from Saccharopolyspora erythraea )

23. Synthetic Sources

24. Semi-Synthetic Sources Semi-synthetic drugs are chemically modified versions of natural drugs. The starting material is usually derived from a natural source but is altered in a lab to enhance its properties, such as potency, bioavailability, or stability. Examples: Heroin  (derived from morphine) Amoxicillin  (a modified form of penicillin) Oxycodone  (derived from thebaine, a compound found in the opium poppy)

25. Biotechnological Sources

26. Abbreviations Purpose:  Drug abbreviations are used for convenience in clinical practice. Examples: ASA:  Aspirin AC:  Before meals PC:  After meals PRN:  As needed Abbreviation Meaning ASA Acetylsalicylic acid AC Ante cibum (Latin for "before meals") PC Post cibum (Latin for "after meals") PRN Pro re nata (Latin for "as needed") BID Bis in die (Latin for "twice daily") TID Ter in die (Latin for "three times daily") QID Quater in die (Latin for "four times daily") QD Quotidie (Latin for "every day") QHS Quaque hora somni (Latin for "every night at bedtime") PO Per os (Latin for "by mouth")

27. Sources of Drug Information

28. Sources of Drug Information Source Type Description Examples Pharmacopoeias Official publications providing standards for drug formulation and quality USP, BP, IP Drug Regulatory Authorities Organizations that regulate drug approvals, safety, and use FDA, EMA, CDSCO Professional Associations Medical organizations that publish drug research and clinical guidelines JAMA, NEJM, The Lancet Drug Databases Online platforms offering comprehensive drug information Micromedex, Lexicomp, Drugs.com Government Websites Government health organizations offering access to drug information and safety alerts FDA, NICE, CDC Drug Package Inserts Legally required information accompanying drugs, detailing usage, dosage, and side effects Acetaminophen (Tylenol), Atorvastatin (Lipitor)

29. Official and Professional Sources

30. Official and Professional Sources Drug Regulatory Authorities These organizations regulate the approval and use of drugs. They provide information on new drug approvals, safety guidelines, and regulatory requirements. Examples: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) The European Medicines Agency (EMA) The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)  in India

31. Professional Associations and Journals Medical associations and peer-reviewed journals are excellent sources of updated information on drug research, safety, and clinical trials. Examples: The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) The Lancet

32. Online Databases and Electronic Sources

33. Government Websites Many government health organizations provide online databases where healthcare professionals can access drug information, safety alerts, and recall notices. Examples: FDA Drug Information Database National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

34. Drug Package Inserts and Labeling Package inserts, or drug labels, are provided by the manufacturer and contain information about the drug's approved uses, dosage, side effects, and contraindications. These are legally required to accompany all prescription drugs and provide essential information for both patients and healthcare providers. Examples: Tylenol (Acetaminophen) Package Insert Lipitor (Atorvastatin) Package Insert

35. Activities and Assignments for MBBS Students on Pharmacology

36. THANK YOU