Introduction to Plumbing & Sanitation Systems

Fundamentals of Water Supply System: Sources and uses of water; Physical, chemical and biological properties of water; Water treatment methods; Water storage and distribution
systems (Hot and Cold Water)
NPCP Chapter 6 – Water Supply and distribution

1. INSTRUCTOR: AR. ALVIRIE CLAIRE A. BERMEJO-UVERO, UAP, RMP, LPT
PLUMBING AND
SANITARY SYSTEMS
UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
BUILDING UTILITIES 1
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
ARBU 121

2. 01. IntroductionTABLE
of contents
02. Plumbing and Sanitary System
03. Concepts and Principles
03. History of Plumbing in the Philippines
05. Basic Principles Of Plumbing System
06. Definition of Terms

3. Introduction
Water is essential to life, covering about three-fourths of
Earth’s surface and playing a vital role in cellular processes
like hydrolysis, which breaks down proteins and
carbohydrates.
In recent years, groundwater has become a key focus in
water resource protection. Though it's a crucial source for
human use, groundwater is highly vulnerable to
contamination, and recovery can take decades. As demand
increases, safeguarding these systems from pollution is
more important than ever.

4. What is Plumbing?
The art, science, and technique of
installing pipes, fixtures, and other
apparatuses in buildings for bringing in
the supply, liquids, substances and/or
ingredients and removing them—and
such water, liquid and other carried
wastes hazardous to health, sanitation,
life, and property. It also refers to the
pipes and fixtures after installation, i.e.,
the plumbing system.

5. What is Plumbing System?
Includes all potable water supply and distribution
pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary
and storm drainage systems, vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts; and all building
drains and sewers, including their respective
joints and connections; devices, receptacles, and
appurtenances within the property; water lines in
the premises: potable, tap, hot and chilled water
pipings; potable water treating or using
equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and
vents for same.

7. 2
To discharge all wastes
from the building into the
public sewer or septic tank.
To supply water to the entire
building.
1
Objectives of
Plumbing

8. Concept and Principles
1
2
To provide a sufficient water supply to all fixtures.
To avoid back flow of used water into the water supply system.
Requirement for an effective water supply in the building;
1
2
Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leaking
and stoppage of drains.
To prevent the entry gasses to enter to the house from the
piping system.
Requirement disposing waste in the building;

9. Major Components
of Plumbing System
Water Supply &
Distribution
System
brings water into a
structure; Water from the
community main enters
the structure through a
single pipe with a shut-off
valve and meter, then
flows to fixtures via a pipe
network. A meter keeps
track of how much total
water enters the structure.
21 3Sanitary Piping
System
Soil Piping System
Waste Piping System
Direct Waste Piping
System
lndirect Waste Piping
System
Ventilation System
House Drain
House Sewer
Drainage Cleanouts
Plumbing TrapsDWV
Drainage – Waste -
Ventilation
the piping network
within the building which
conveys from the
plumbing fixtures all
wastes and rainwater to
a treatment facility &
point of disposal.

10. Major Components
of Plumbing System
54 6
Plumbing
Fixtures
the receptacles that
receive the supplied water
& allow the building
occupants to avail & use
the water.
Sanitary
Drainage
System
Stormwater
Drainage
System
removes wastewater
from a building; It
carries wastewater and
waste from a building
to the community
sewer, using vented
pipes to maintain
atmospheric pressure.
carries rainwater away
from a structure, using
gutters and
underground pipes to
channel it into
community storm
sewers.

11. Basic Concept
Degrees of Wastewater:
1. Storm Water – water from rain.
2. Grey Water – from laundries, washbasins, sinks, showers,
& bathtubs.
3. Black Water – water + human waste both solid and liquid
flushed out of toilet and urinals.

12. The Plumber is a tradesperson
who specializes in installing and
maintaining systems used for
potable (drinking) water, hot-water
production, sewage and drainage in
plumbing systems.
Who is the Plumber?

13. 1. Apprentice Plumber - a beginner at the trade who
usually serves for 3 to 5 years as a helper to a
journeyman.
2. Journeyman Plumber - has served his
apprenticeship and is competent to perform the
tasks of installing and repairing the plumbing
system.
3. Master Plumber - a person technically and legally
qualified and licensed to practice the profession of
Master Plumbing without limitations in accordance
with Republic Act 1378. having passed the
examination conducted by the Professional
Regulation Commission, has received a Certificate of
Registration from the Board of Master Plumbing and
possesses the current license to practice.
What are the
different
categories of
Plumbers?

14. The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines is traced back to the 17th
century. The WALLED CITY known as Intramuros was established by the Spaniards
as a model community. The Friar Engineers who built the government buildings,
residential and other structures, incorporated European standards in their
plumbing installations.
During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Filipino plumbers were assigned the task of
maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling plumbing systems in all "pueblos" or towns
including churches, convents and government buildings.
PLUMBING took a great leap at the turn of the 20 century with the arrival of the
American soldiers, engineers, Thomasite teachers, doctors and evangelists.
Health and hygiene became priority when epidemics including cholera, leprosy.
schistosomiasis and other contagious diseases engulfed the Philippines. Alarmed,
Governor General Harrison issued a letter of instruction on proper waste disposal in
all municipalities.
th
HISTORY OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES

15. Timeline
1902
1935
1950s
1955Recognized plumbing Plumbing Education NAMPAP RA no. 1378
The government formally recognized
plumbing as a trade in 1902. John F.
Hass was appointed as the first Chief of
Plumbing Construction and Inspection.
Plumbing education and licensing were
formalized. Schools began offering plumbing
courses, and the government established
licensure exams for master plumbers.
Filipino master plumbers formed the
National Master Plumbers Association
of the Philippines (NAMPAP) to
promote standards and professional
development. It was officially
registered with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
Passage of Republic Act No. 1378,
known as the Plumbing Law of the
Philippines, signed by President
Ramon Magsaysay. This law
regulated the practice of plumbing
nationwide.

16. Timeline
1959
1967
1972
1999National Plumbing Code of the Philippines Building Code (RA 6541) Code amended Revised National Plumbing
Code of the Philippines
The first National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines was drafted by NAMPAP and
approved by Malacañang. It became the official
standard for plumbing design and installation.
The Building Code of the Philippines (RA 6541)
was enacted, incorporating the 1959
Plumbing Code as a reference for plumbing
provisions.
The Plumbing Code was amended to
include new materials like asbestos-
cement pipes and updated technical
standards. The Revised National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines was adopted, modernizing
standards to align with international
practices. Approved by President Joseph
Estrada, it remains the foundation of
plumbing regulation today.

17. What is the
Plumbing Code?
The plumbing Code is manifestation of
the government to regulate the practice
of the plumbing profession based on the
principle of the protection of public
health.
The basic goal of the NPCP is to ensure
the qualified observance of the latest
provisions of the plumbing &
environmental laws.

18. There are 22 Basic
Principles of the 1999
National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines, which are
updates of the tenets in the
“Plumbing Law of the
Philipines” approved on
June 18, 1955 as amended
on November 28, 1959 and
revised on December 21,
1999.

19. Basic Principles
11
22
All the premises made for human use or habitation shall be
provided with the supply of pure and wholesome water, neither
connected to unsafe water supply nor subject to backflow or
back- siphonage.
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be supplied
with water in sufficient volume and at pressure adequate to
enable them to function satisfactorily and without undue noise
under all normal conditions of use.

20. Basic Principles
33
44
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum
quantity of water consistent with proper performance and
cleaning.
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and
installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through
overheating.

21. Basic Principles
55
66
Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for
human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting on a street,
alley or easement where there is a public sewer, shall be connected
to the sewer system.
Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with a
private sewage-disposal system shall have at least one water closet
and one kitchen type sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub or shower
shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene .

22. Basic Principles
77
88
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent
material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be
located in ventilated enclosures.
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes
may be readily cleaned.

23. Basic Principles
99
1010
All pipings of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP
APPROVED materials, free form defective workmanship,
designed and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with a water-sealed trap.

24. Basic Principles
1111
1212
The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide
adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration or
forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to
preempt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.

25. Basic Principles
1313
1414
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly
with the sewage-disposal process shall be allowed to enter the
building drainage system.

26. Basic Principles
1515
1616
Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination
of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow
of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance
shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.

27. Basic Principles
1717
1818
If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in
buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance,
suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building
sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.

28. Basic Principles
1919
2020
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition
by Registered Master Plumbers.
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be
accessible for their intended use.

29. Basic Principles
2121
2222
Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due
regard to the preservation of the strength of structural
members and the prevention of damage to walls and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be
deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of
treatment.

30. A registered master plumber shall maintain a professional bearing
consistent with an honorable and dignified pursuit of his/her profession,
adhering to a set of conduct becoming of his/her calling, and shall not:
1. Act in an unprofessional manner and demand any remuneration
other than his/her original charges except for additional services not
covered in the basic contract;
2. Supplant another Registered Master Plumber after definite steps
have already been taken toward his/her being commissioned to perform
the contract;
MASTER PLUMBER’S CODE OF ETHICS

31. 3. Underbid another Registered Master Plumber by reducing his/her
professional fees after being informed of the fees charged by the other
Registered Master Plumber;
4. Take the advantage of a salaried government position to compete
unfairly with a practicing Registered Master Plumber;
5. Allow the use of his/her License as a Registered Master Plumber for
a fee to an unlicensed Master Plumber in plumbing works without
his/her personal supervision.
MASTER PLUMBER’S CODE OF ETHICS

32. 6. Injure falsely or maliciously, directly or indirectly, the reputation of
another Registered Master Plumber by reviewing his/her work for the
same client unless the professional services of the former have been
officially terminated and all professional fees have been dully paid by
the client;
7. Advertise in self-laudatory language, act in any manner and engage
in any practice which tends to bring dishonor to the dignity of the
Registered Master Plumber, the National Master Plumbers Association
of the Philippines (NAMPAP), and the plumbing profession.
MASTER PLUMBER’S CODE OF ETHICS

33. Definition of Terms 1. Air Gap – air gap in a water supply system, is the
unobstructed vertical distance through the free
atmosphere between the lowest opening from
any pipe of faucet supplying water to a tank,
plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
2. Back Flow – is the flow of water or other liquid
mixture or substances into the distribution pipes
of a potable supply of water from any source
other than its intended source.

34. Definition of Terms 3. Back Siphonage – refer to the back
flow of used contaminated or polluted
water from a plumbing fixture or vessel
into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such a pipe.
4. Battery of Fixture – refers to any group of two
or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharge
into a common horizontal waste pipe or soil
branch.

35. Definition of Terms 5. Bib – is synonymous with faucet, cock, tap, plug, etc
the word faucet is preferred.
6. Blind Flange – a flange that closes the end of pipe.
There is no opening for the passage of water.
7. Blow Off – a controlled outlet on a pipeline used to
discharge liquid or detritus.

36. Definition of Terms 8. Branch – is any part of piping system other than
the main riser or stack.
9. Branch Interval – is the length of a soil or waste
stack corresponding in general to a storey height,
but in no case less than 2.4 meters within which the
horizontal branches from one floor or storey of a
building are connected to the stack.

37. Definition of Terms 10. Branch Vent – a vent connecting one or more
individual vents with a vent stack or stack vent.
11. Caulking – is plugging an opening other
materials, that are pounded into the place or
opening.

38. Definition of Terms 12. Circuit vent – a branch vent that serves two or
more traps, and extends from the front of the last
fixture connection of a horizontal branch to the
vent stack
13. Continuous Vent - is a
vertical vent that is a
continuation of the drain to
which the vent connects.

39. Definition of Terms 14. Combination
Fixtures
– is a fixtures
combining one
sink and tray or
two or three
compartment
sink or tray in one
vent.
15. Common Vent
– is a drain from
two or three
fixtures connected
to a single trap. It
is also called a dual
vent.

40. Definition of Terms 16. Cross connection – is any physical
connection between two otherwise separate
piping system, one contains potable water and
the other from unknown or questionable safety,
whereby, water may flow from one system to
the other direction.
17. Dead End – is the extended portion of a pipe
that is end permitting the stagnation of water or
air therein.

41. Definition of Terms 18. Developed Length – the length along the
center of the pipe and fittings.
19. Diameter – Diameter of a pipe or tube refers
to the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such pipe,
except brass and copper tube where the term
refers to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

42. Definition of Terms 20. Drainage System – Drainage system includes, all
piping within the public or private premises the
conveys sewage, rainwater, ot other liquid waste, to
a legal point of disposal. It does not include the mains
of public sewer system private or public sewerage
treatment or disposal plant.
21. Dry Vent – a vent that does not carry water or
water borne wastes.

43. Definition of Terms 22. Downspout - the vertical portion of a rainwater
conductor.
23. Effective opening – is the minimum cross sectional
area at supply discharge, measured or expressed in
terms of diameter of a circle, the diameter of a circle
that is equivalent to the cross sectional area. (This is
applicable to air Gap)
24. Fixture - a receptacle other than a trap attached to
a plumbing system in which water or wastes may be
collected or retained for ultimate discharge into the
plumbing system.

44. Definition of Terms 25. Fixture Branch – the water supply
pipe between the fixture supply pipe and
the water-distributing pipe.
26. Fixture Drain – the drainpipe from the trap of
a fixture to the junction of that drain with any
other drainpipe.
27. Fixture Supply – a water supply pipe connecting the
fixture with the fixture branch.

45. Definition of Terms 28. Fixture Units – - is an arbitrary quantity in
terms of which the load producing effects or water
requirements on the plumbing system of different
kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed in some
arbitrarily chosen scale. One fixture unit is
equivalent to a rate of flow at 28.3 liters per
minute (l cu. ft./minute).
29. Flood Level Rim -is the top edge of a
receptacle from where water overflows.

46. Definition of Terms 30. Ferrule - a metallic sleeve, caulked or joined to
an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed
that can be removed for cleaning or examining the
interior of the pipe.
31. Flush Valve – is a device located at the bottom
of the tank for the purpose of flushing water
closet and similar fixtures.

47. Definition of Terms 32. Gooseneck - a return bend of small-sized pipe, one end of
which is about 30 cm. long and the other end is about 7. 5 cm.
long. It is commonly used as a faucet for a pantry sink. Also,
the term means the flexible tubing connection between a
service pipe and a water main.
34. Group Vent
– a branch vent
that performs its
function for two
or more traps.
33. Grease Trap –
a device designed
to retain grease
from one to a
maximum of four
fixtures .

48. Definition of Terms 35. Horizontal Pipe - is any pipe or fitting installed in a horizontal position or
which forms an angle of not more than forty-five (45) degrees with the
horizontal plane.
36. Invert - The lowest portion of the interior part of any pipe
or conduit that is not vertical.
37. Liquid Waste - is the discharge from any fixture, appliance or
appurtenance in connection with a plumbing system which does
not receive fecal matter.
38. Local Vent Pipe - a pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a
plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.

49. Definition of Terms 39. Looped Vent – is the same as circuit vent except
that is loop back and connects with a stack vent
instead of a vent stack.
40. Lateral – in plumbing, a secondary pipeline.
In sewerage, a common sewer to which no other
branch sewer is connected. It receives sewage from
building sewer service connections only.

50. Definition of Terms 41. Main – any system of continuous piping, which is the
principal artery of the system where branches are
connected.
44. Manhole – a large opening in a sewer line or part of
a plumbing system constructed with sufficient size for a
man to gain access therein for maintenance purposes
and facility for changes of line and/or grade of pipe line .
42. Main Vent – the principal artery of the venting
system to which vent branches are connected .
43. Main Sewer – a sewer line or system directly
controlled by public authority.

51. Definition of Terms 45. Relief Vent – a vertical vent line, the primary function of which
is to provide additional circulation of air between the drainage and
vent systems or to act as an auxiliary vent on a specially designed
system such as a ''yoke vent" connection between the soil and
vent stacks.
46. Riser – a water supply pipe, which extends vertically to one full story or
more to convey water into pipe branches or plumbing fixtures.
47. Roughing in – the installation of all pipings and fitting
parts of the plumbing system, which can be completed
prior to the installation of fixtures and accessories. These
includes waste, drainage, vent and fixtures.

52. Definition of Terms 48. Return Bend – an open return bend usually with
inside threads, but applied also to 180° bend in pipe.
51. Public Sewer – a common sewer directly
controlled by public authorities where all abutters
have equal rights of connection.
49. Sanitary Sewage – sewage containing human
excrement and liquid household waste. It is also called
domestic sewage.
50. Sanitary Sewer – a sewer intended to receive
sanitary sewage with or without pre-treated industrial
wastes and without the admixture of rain or ground
water.

53. Definition of Terms 52. Seal – the vertical distance between the dip and the crown
weir of a trap. Also, the water in the trap between the dip and
the crown weir .
53. Septic Tank – a water-tight receptacle which receives
the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system or part
thereof, designed and constructed to retain solids, digest
organic matter through a period of detention and to allow
the liquids to discharge into the soil outside of the tank
through a system of open-jointed sub-surface pipings or a
seepage pit meeting the requirements of this Code .
54. Siamese Connection - a hose fitting with clapper
valves for combining the flow from two or more lines of
hose into a single stream. The inlet fitting of a fire
standpipe located above ground level.

54. Definition of Terms 55. Soil Pipe - any pipe, which conveys the discharge
of water closet, urinal or fixtures having similar
functions, with or without the discharges from other
fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.
57. Trap – is a mechanism that prevents sewer gases
from entering the structure.
56. Stack - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste
or vent pipings extending through one or more stories
and extended thru the roof.

55. Definition of Terms 58. Vent System – is a pipe or pipes installed to provide a
flow or circulation of air to different parts of the drainage
system.
59. Waste Pipe – a pipe, which conveys only wastewater
or liquid waste, free of fecal matter.
59. Water Distribution Pipe – water distributing pipe in a building or
premises, is a pipe that conveys water from the water service pipe to the
plumbing fixtures and other water outlets.

56. Definition of Terms 60. Water Supply system
– consists of the water
service pipe, water
distribution, pipes and
necessary connecting
pipes, fittings, control
valves and all
appurtenances in or
adjacent to the building.

57. THANK YOU Reference:
Revised Plumbing Code of the Philippines
ARBU121