INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC SPEAKING.ppt. A GOOD INTRODUCTION TO HOW TO PREPARE SPEECH IN PUBLIC

SPEAKING IN PUBLIC
PREPARING THE BODY OF YOUR SPEECH
Public speaking, also called oratory, is the practice of delivering speeches to a live audience. Throughout history, public speaking has held significant ...

1. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC
SPEAKING
Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah
UniversityUniversity
Faculty of letters and Human Faculty of letters and Human
SciencesSciences
Dhar El-Mehraz – FèsDhar El-Mehraz – Fès
Department of English StudiesDepartment of English Studies
Autumn Session 2021/2022Autumn Session 2021/2022
Master’s Program:Master’s Program:
Language, Communication and Language, Communication and SocietySociety
Filière :Filière : English StudiesEnglish Studies Module :Module : Public Speaking Public Speaking
SemesterSemester 1 1 Prof. :Prof. : Prof. Madani AlaouiProf. Madani Alaoui

2. Chapter 1
Speaking in Public

3. Why Study Public
Speaking?
•Empowerment
–Give you an edge
–Audition for leadership
•Employment
–1
st
factor sought by employers
–2
nd
is writing skills

4. Public Speaking and
Conversation
•Public speaking is more
planned
•Public speaking is more
formal
•The roles of public speakers
and audiences are more
clearly defined

5. What is Communication?
•The sending and receiving of messages in
order to establish shared meaning
•Requires Competence In:
* Understanding Cultural
Guidelines
* Critical Thinking
* Ethics
* Power
* Listening

6. Models of Communication
Linear
Interactional
Transactional

7. Sender Receiver
Frame of
Reference
Frame of
Reference
Points of
Contact
Messages
&
Context
Encode
Encode
Decode
Decode
Interference / Noise
The Communication Model

8. Frame of Reference
•Age
•Gender
•Ethnicity
•Environment
•Culture
•Family
•Values
•Beliefs
•Education
•Experiences
•Interests
•Dislikes
•Prejudices
•Self-Perceptions
•Personal
Expectations

9. Messages & Context
Messages
•Feedforward
•Feedback
•Meanings
Channels
Visual & Auditory
Tactile & Chemical
Context
•Setting / Situation
•Timing
•Cultural Rules
•Relationships
between
communicators

10. Noise
Internal
Physiological
Psychological
External
Environmental
(Auditory and
Visual)

11. 7 Principles of Communication
1.Communication is a process of
adjustment
2.Communication is a Package of
Messages
3.Communication is Ambiguous
(Messages can have multiple
meanings)

12. 7 Principles of Communication
4.Communication Involves content
and relational dimensions
5.Communication is punctuated
(Organized into stimuli/response)
6.Communication is Purposeful
7.Communication is Inevitable,
Irreversible, and Unrepeatable

13. Public Speaking and
Audience Diversity
•Gender
•Ethnicity
•Culture

14. Chapter 2
Overview
of the
Speechmaking
Process

15. Consider Your Audience
•Needs
•Attitudes
•Beliefs
•Values
•Other Characteristics

16. Select and Narrow
Your Topic
•Who is the audience?
•What is the occasion?
•What are my interests, talents,
experiences?

17. Determine Your Purpose
•To Inform
–Teach
–Define
–Illustrate
–Clarify
•To Persuade
•To Entertain

18. Develop Your Central
Idea
•Does it have logical
divisions?
•Reasons idea is true?
•Can you support with
series of steps?

19. Gathering Verbal/Visual
Supporting Material
•Facts
•Examples
•Definitions
•Quotations
•Relate Material to Listeners’
Lives

20. Organize Your Speech
•Central Idea
•Introduction
•Body
•Conclusion
•Outlining

21. Rehearse Your Speech
•Practice Out Loud
•Practice Eye
Contact
•Decide On Style

22. Deliver Your Speech
•Assess Audience
•Use Effective Eye
Contact
•Concentrate on Message
and Audience
•Use Conversational
Style

23. Credibility, Ethics
and
Public Speaking
Chapter 3

24. Aristotle’s Persuasive Appeals
•Ethos - Speaker Credibility
•Pathos - Message Tone
•Logos - Message Logic /
Reasoning
•Mythos - Implied / Symbolic
Meaning

25. Credibility
Defined:
The Audience’s Perception of
Whether a Speaker Is Qualified to
Speak on a Given Topic.
Two Main Factors:
Competence and Character

26. Competence
How the Audience
Regards the
Speaker’s:
•Intelligence
•Expertise
•Subject
Knowledge
Character
How the Audience
Regards the Speaker’s:
• Sincerity
•Trustworthiness
•Concern for the
Audience

27. Types of Credibility
•Initial - before the presentation (past
knowledge and first
impressions)
•Derived - Developed during the speech
delivery
•Terminal - What is thought after the
speech is completed

28. Credibility Is Significantly
Affected by Delivery
•Rate of Speech
•Dialect/Accent and Inflection
Patterns
•Use of Language
•Use of Vocalized Pauses and Fillers
•Use of Body Language and
Appearance

29. Ways to Build Credibility
Before, During, and After the Speech,
Project the Qualities of:
•Competence
•Concern
•Trustworthiness
•Dynamism

30. Ethics
Defined:
The branch of philosophy that deals
with issues of right and wrong in
human affairs
Ethical Decisions:
Involve weighing a potential action
against a set of ethical standards or
guidelines.

31. Speakers Make Ethical
Decisions When:
•Selecting a Topic
•Researching the Speech
•Organizing the Message
•Delivering the Speech

32. The First Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution
I. Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the Government for a redress of
grievances.

33. Ethical Speaking Guidelines
1.Develop a Clear, Responsible Goal
2.Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning
3.Demonstrate Sensitivity to and
Tolerance of Differences
4.Speak Honestly
5.Avoid Plagiarism
6.Follow the Guidelines for Ethical
Listening

34. Ethical Listening
•Communicate Your Expectation and
Provide Feedback
•Be Sensitive To and Tolerant Of
Differences
•Listen Critically
•Hold The Speaker To His or Her
Ethical Responsibilities

35. Three Types of Plagiarism
•Global - Stealing an Entire Message and
Claiming It As Your Own
•Patchwork - Taking Ideas From Two or
Three Sources and Not Crediting the
Source
•Incremental - Failing to Give Credit for
Particular Parts of a Message (Quotations,
Paraphrases, Statistics, Etc.)

36. Protect Yourself from Committing
Accidental Plagiarism
•Be Careful When Taking Research
Notes
–Distinguish Between:
•Direct Quotations
•Paraphrased Material
•Your Own Ideas
•When in Doubt, Always Cite Your
Source

37. Chapter 4
Improving
Your
Confidence

38. Reasons for Being Nervous
1.Fear of Being Stared At
2.Fear of Failure
3.Fear of Rejection
4.Fear of the Unknown

39. Understanding Speaking
Apprehension
1.Realize That Some Apprehension Is
Normal
2.Understand the Type of Apprehension
You Are Experiencing
Apprehension Can Be Based On:
a.Context - Type of Communication
b.Audience - Reaction to Receiver(s)
c.Situation - Timing or Level of
Preparation
d.Personality – Trait-like Characteristics

40. Causes of Apprehension
Influences
•Heredity
(Communibiology)
•Modeling
•Childhood
Reinforcement
•Expectancy
Learning
Situational Elements
•Novelty
•Formality
•Status
•Unfamiliarity
•Degree of Attention
from Others

41. Reactions to Apprehension
•Physiological Reactions
–Fight or Flight – Adrenaline Rush
•Behavioral Reactions
–Avoidance and Excuse-making
•Psychological Reactions
–Feelings of Failure Before the Event
–Hyper Awareness
–Loss of Concentration

42. Understanding Your
Apprehension
Using the Personal Report of
Communication Apprehension
PRCA-24

43. The PRCA-24
Sub-Scores
Low ModerateHigh
6615-1815-18 30 30
Mean St. Deviation
Group 15.44.8
Meeting 16.44.8
Interpersonal 14.54.2
Public Speaking 19.35.1

44. Overall: Trait-like CA
LowModerateHigh
24245050 65 80 120 65 80 120
Mean St. Deviation
Overall Score65.615.3
The PRCA-24

45. Coping Strategies
(Treatments)
•Cognitive Restructuring
•Visualization
•Systematic Desensitization
•Rhetoritherapy (Skills Training)
Physical Exercises
Breathing / Stretching / Isometric

46. Guidelines for Controlling
Nervousness
1.Put Fear Into Perspective
•Accept some fear as normal
•Analyze the cause of the fear
2.Build Confidence with Preparation and
Practice
3.Use Positive Self-Suggestion to Combat
Anxiety

47. Building Your Confidence
•Know Audience
•Be Prepared
•Select Appropriate Topic
•Recreate Environment
•Know Introduction And
Conclusion

48. Building Your Confidence
•Visualize Success
•Use Deep-breathing
•Focus On Message
•Mental Pep Talk
•Channel Energy
•Seek Opportunities