Introduction to Sociology by Shah Fahad 2319.pptx

Here is the complete presentation of Introduction to Sociology give by Shah Fahad From GDCno1 Dikhan

1. Introduction to Sociology By: Summayyah Shafique

2. What is Sociology? Sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology is the study of social relationship, social institutions and human social behavior as whole. The study of sociology has a purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and re-shaped by the surrounding cultural and social structures. Sociology offers an understanding about the social world in which we live and in which we human as the member of society shapes our social life. Sociology looks beyond normal and provide us more deeper understanding of social life that is around us.

3. The Study of Society Sociology is the study of people and societies living in social world. Sociology is the combination of two words. The first part of the term is a Latin word “ Socius ” which means association-togetherness-companionship-society. The second part of the term is “Logos” a Greek origin word that literally means to speak about. So, the basic and general definition of sociology is “ Speak about the society”. Sociology is an exciting field of study that analyzes and explain important matters of our personal & social lives, in our communities and in the world.

4. Why Study Sociology? At the personal level - Sociology investigate the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial & gender identity, family conflict & deviant behavior, ageing and religious faith. At the societal level - Sociology examines and explains matters like crime & law, poverty & wealth, school & education, rural & urban community, discrimination and social movements. At the global level - Sociology is interested in studies such phenomena’s as population growth & migration, war & peace, economic and social developments etc.

5. Sociology is? Sociology has been defined in a numbers of ways by a number of people. The science of society. (Summer) The science of social institutions. (Durkheim) The science of studying human social relationship. (Simmel) Sociology is the scientific study structure and functions of human groups. (John Maccionis ) The study of social action. (Weber) The science of social phenomena, ( F.H. Giddings)

6. How did Sociology Develop? Throughout history scholars have always been interested in the social life and interactions of people. Despite this Sociology did not develop as a field of study until the 1800’s. Sociology emerged as a separate field of study in Europe during 18 th to 19 th century. At that time the social order of the society was shaken by the “Industrial Revolution” by the American and French. Three changes were especially important in the development of sociology. The rise of a factory-based Industrial Economy. The explosive Growth of Cities. The Political change (new ideas of Demography and Political rights).

7. Cont. The birth of sociology was sparked by rapid social change took place due to Industrial Revolution or French Revolution. The discipline of sociology was developed in those regions of Europe where the Industrial Revolution was most pronounced. As a result large number of cities grew as people left countless small villages in search of work in the new cities. Family or traditional life is effected with this rapid change in social order. So it was the French social thinker named August Comte (1798-1857) coined the term Sociology in 1838 to describe a way of looking at society.

8. Who were the early Sociologists? Moreover, through it was a new discipline its foundation was laid by Allama Ibn-e- Khaldun (1332-1406 AD), a Muslim historian of Tunis. He named this new science or subject “ Ilmul -Imran” the study of people. He said that no historian could write the history of a nation until he studied “ Ilmul -Imran” (the social life of that population). There are some more old muslim thinker were Al- Kundi , Al- Farabi , Ibn-e- Sina , Iman Ghazali , Shah Wali Ullah and the European old prominent thinker who were contributed in the subject of sociologist were Aristotle, the Socrates and Plato. Some of the notable thinkers of modern times are Spencer, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel, Obgurn and Nimkoff . The effortts of these thinker have developed the subject of sociology as new science of study.

9. Cont. There are some more old Muslim thinker were Al- Kundi , Al- Farabi , Ibn-e-Sina, Iman Ghazali, Shah Wali Ullah and the European old prominent thinker who were contributed to the subject of sociologist were Aristotle, the Socrates and Plato. Some of the notable thinkers of modern times are Spencer, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel, Obgurn and Nimkoff . The efforts of these thinker have developed the subject of sociology as new science of study.

10. Auguste Comte (1798–1857) French Rejected the lack of empiricism in the social philosophy of the day. Inspiration from methods of natural sciences Develop “science of man” for science of society Cours de Philosophie Positive , the work in which he actually coined the term sociology . (1830-1842)

11. Harriet Martineau (1802–1876) England prisons, mental hospitals, and factories to family gatherings, slave auctions, and even proceedings of the Supreme Court and Senate. Field of sociological work [ impact of immigration, family issues, politics, and religion as well as race and gender issues ] Comparisons of culture Focus on sharing knowledge to society Women education; dependence on marriage

12. Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) Idea of evolution in sociology, biology, psychology, and morality Spencer believed society was similar to a living organism . Every part of society serves a specialized function necessary to ensure society’s survival as a whole.

13. Karl Marx (1818–1883) Revolutionary of political and social system Europe Industrialization period – exploitation Marx wanted to understand why society produced such inequities, and he looked for a way to improve the human condition. He believed the capitalists-controlled wealth, power, and even ideas in society.

14. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) Produced the first true sociological study. In 1895, Durkheim published Rules of the Sociological Method Durkheim believed that individuals were exclusively the products of their social environment and that society shapes people in every possible way.

15. Max Weber (1864–1920) German academic S ociology as the study of social action. Focus was on the individual meanings people attach to the world around them. A ttempted to clarify, criticize, and modify the works of Marx. Weber believed the role of intellectuals was simply to describe and explain truth

16. Sociology and Other Social Sciences The social sciences are disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and the functions of human society in a scientific manner. Sociology : studies human society and social behavior through social interaction and with the help of social phenomena (how people relate to one another and influence each other’s behavior), observable events in human society. Anthropology : is the comparative study of past and present cultures. Psychology : studies behavior and mental processes. Social psychology studies how social environment affects an individual. Economics studies: choices people make to satisfy their needs and want. Political science: studies principles, organization, and operation of government History: studies people and events of the past.

17. Subject Matter Of Sociology The knowledge of sociology exist in the form of theories, principles and laws. The function of sociology is to provide the solution of social problems, is the same as Biology to Medicine and Mathematics & Physics to engineering. What happened around us in our social life falls in the area of sociology and it explain it through studying various aspects of man’s life.

18. Cont. Social behavior is many sided and man live a social life in society. He participate in one group at one time and in on-other group at other time for the satisfaction of his/her needs. It mean man’s behaviors is influenced by various groups and in this way this social behavior grows more complex. Sociology is a broad discipline in terms of both methodology and subject matter. Its subject matter ranges from the MICRO LEVEL of face to face interaction to the MACRO LEVEL of societies as large.

19. Cont. The knowledge of sociology is applied in the solution of social problems. Sociology explains the socio-cultural conditions which directs towards the solution of the problems/social problems. Man’s all such behaviors which are termed as social lie in the field of sociology. Social behaviors open a varieties of interest in various aspect of life. Man’s life is many sided. So, the study one side thoroughly, specialization of interest is needed in very side. The subject of sociology cover a large number of areas in its study. Social problems such as poverty, crime, delinquency, physical and mental diseases are in the area of sociological studies. Social intuitions as family, mosque, school, markets, demography, and social disorganization are the field of interest in subject matter of sociology.

20. SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology deals with the social events. All human social relations fall in the study of sociology. Sociology is the study of structure, function and problems of human group. Therefore, all social phenomena of any nature fall in the field of sociology. Sociology is the science of society, and its main objective is to study the social group or group life of people, sociology is divided into two parts Theoretical Sociology Applied Sociology Sociology is growing popular day by day in social life. Sociology explains social conditions of life and guides in all social phenomena. No event can happen without cause. All the events are interrelated together in chain. Therefore, to understand and control this universe it is essential to gain knowledge. Man seeks knowledge to understand and control this universe by prediction and sociological knowledge provides these general laws of society to understand the universe.