Introduction to Special Education- Nature, Theories and Concepts

This presentation will show you the following:
1) Definition of Special Education (SpEd) and SpEd Related Concepts
2) Legal Bases of Special Education Based on Idea 2004, ESSA, Magna Carta Ra 7277 DECS Order No. 26, S. 1997
3) History and Development of Special Education

1. Introduction to Special Education : Nature, Theories, and Concepts Presenter: Mr. Juanito Q. Pineda MASE 401 August 2017 Al- Khobar , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Presented to: Dr. Lolita Dionisio-Serrano University of Perpetual Help Dalta ( UPHD) Las Piñas City, Philippines

2. Content Outline: Definition of Special Education (SpEd) and SpEd Related Concepts Legal Bases of Special Education Based on IDEA 2004, ESSA, Magna Carta RA7277 DECS Order No. 26, S. 1997, and Other Legislations History and Development of Special Education in Global and International Setting

3. Objectives: At the end of the presentation, you are expected to: Define Special Education (SpEd) and differentiate SpEd Related Concepts Explain the Legal Bases of Special Education Based on IDEA 2004, ESSA, Magna Carta RA7277 DECS Order No. 26, S. 1997, and Other Legislations Recapitulate the History and Development of Special Education in Global and International Setting

4. Definition of Special Education and SpEd Related Concepts

5. Special Education is a broad term that describes a wide variety of instructional services that are based on a child’s individual needs.

6. According to IDEA * Sec. 200.39, “special education means specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, including— i nstruction conducted in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and in other settings; and instruction in physical education .” *IDEA- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

7. Special education includes each of the following: 1) speech-language pathology services, or any other related service* 2) travel training; and 3) vocational education *Refer to the next slides.

8. *Other Related Services: speech-language pathology and audiology services interpreting services psychological services physical and occupational therapy recreation therapeutic recreation early identification assessment of disabilities in children

9. *Other Related Services: counseling services rehabilitation counseling orientation mobility services medical services for diagnostic or evaluation purposes health services school nurse services social work services in schools parent counseling and training

10. Definition of SpEd Related Concepts Disability Terms… Autism   means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Deaf-blindness  means concomitant hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness . Deafness  means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

11. Disability Terms… Emotional disturbance  means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: (A) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (B) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (C) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (D) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (E) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. Emotional disturbance includes schizophrenia. 

12. Disability Terms… Hearing impairment  means an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness in this section . Intellectual disability **  means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance . Multiple disabilities  means concomitant impairments (such as intellectual disability-blindness or intellectual disability- orthopedic impairment), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for one of the impairments. Multiple disabilities does not include deaf-blindness. ** Prior to October 2010, IDEA used the term “mental retardation.”  In October 2010, Rosa’s Law was signed into law by President Obama.  Rosa’s Law changed the term to be used in future to “intellectual disability.” The definition of the term itself  did not change, only the term to be used (now “intellectual disability”).

13. Disability Terms… Orthopedic impairment  means a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by a congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures ). Other health impairment  means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— ( i ) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia , lead poisoning, leukemia , nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia , and Tourette syndrome; and (ii) adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

14. Disability Terms… Specific learning disability —Specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia. Disorders not included . Specific learning disability does not include learning problems that are primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities, of intellectual disability of emotional disturbance, or of environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. Speech or language impairment  means a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

15. Disability Terms Traumatic brain injury  means an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Traumatic brain injury applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions; information processing; and speech. Traumatic brain injury does not apply to brain injuries that are congenital or degenerative, or to brain injuries induced by birth trauma. Visual impairment  including blindness means an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness.

16. IDEA is an acronym for the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act , USA’s special education law. IDEA was first passed in 1975, where it was called the Education for All Handicapped Children’s Act. Every few years, the law has been revised (a process called reauthorization). The most current version of IDEA is Public Law 108-446, passed in 2004 and called the “Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004.” It’s still most commonly referred to as IDEA, or IDEA 2004 (to distinguish it from other reauthorizations). Final regulations for IDEA 2004 were published in 2006.

17. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children. The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities .

18. Under IDEA’s legislation, all states receiving federal funding must: Provide all students with disabilities between the ages of three and 21 with access to an appropriate and free public education Identify, locate and evaluate children labelled with disabilities Develop an Individualized Education Program (IEP) for each child Educate children with disabilities within their “least restrictive environment.” This environment is ideally with their typically developing peers, but is dependent on individual circumstances Provide those students enrolled in early-intervention (EI) programs with a positive and effective transition into an appropriate preschool program Provide special education services for those children enrolled in private schools Ensure teachers are adequately qualified and certified to teach special education Ensure that children with disabilities are not suspended or expelled at rates higher than their typically developing peers

19. The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed by President Obama on December 10, 2015, and represents good news for our nation’s schools. This bipartisan measure reauthorizes the 50-year-old Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the nation’s national education law and longstanding commitment to equal opportunity for all students. The new law builds on key areas of progress in recent years, made possible by the efforts of educators, communities, parents, and students across the country.

20. ESSA includes provisions that will help to ensure success for students and schools. Below are just a few. The law: Advances equity by upholding critical protections for America's disadvantaged and high-need students. Requires—for the first time—that all students in America be taught to high academic standards that will prepare them to succeed in college and careers. Ensures that vital information is provided to educators, families, students, and communities through annual state-wide assessments that measure students' progress toward those high standards. Helps to support and grow local innovations—including evidence-based and place-based interventions developed by local leaders and educators—consistent with our Investing in Innovation and Promise Neighborhoods Sustains and expands this administration's historic investments in increasing access to high-quality preschool. Maintains an expectation that there will be accountability and action to effect positive change in our lowest-performing schools, where groups of students are not making progress, and where graduation rates are low over extended periods of time.

21. DO 26, s. 1997 - Institutionalization of SPED Programs in All Schools

22. DO 26, s. 1997 In support to the implementation of the Republic Act 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons) and to achieve the target set for the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (1993-2002) that 75% of the 4 million children with disabilities should be provided equal educational opportunities, special needs education shall be institutionalized in all schools.

23. DO 26, s. 1997 The Institutionalization aims to provide access to basic education among children with special needs, namely, the gifted/talented, the mentally retarded, the visually impaired, the hearing impaired, the orthopedically handicapped, the learning disabled, the speech defectives, the children with behavior problems, the autistic children and those with health problems through the formal system and other alternative delivery services in education.

24. The following are the guidelines which shall be observed in the institutionalization of special needs education : All divisions shall organize at least one SPED Center which will cater to children with special needs. Programs organized shall adopt the inclusive education concept or the different types of SPED programs suited to the needs of the learners. The Center shall function as a Resource Center: - to support children with special needs integrated in regular schools; - to assist in the conduct of in-service-training - to produce appropriate teaching materials; and - to conduct continuous assessment of children with special needs. School divisions shall appropriate funds for the aforementioned activities .

25. All districts shall organize SPED programs in schools where there are identified children with special needs. Assistance from existing SPED Center shall be sought in the assessment of the children with special needs and in the orientation or training of the regular teachers to help these students. Teachers and administrators who have had trainings in SPED shall be identified and their expertise tapped. Local trainings at the regional, division and district levels shall be initiated and conducted by the identified Regional Trainers in Special Education. To sustain the continuing interest of supervisors, administrators and teachers in the implementation of the SPED programs, incentives shall be planned and provided for. To ensure that the education of children with special needs is an integral part of the educational system, an annual allocation for extension position shall be provided for SPED teachers.

26. DO 38, s. 2015 - Guidelines on the Utilization of Support Funds for the Special Education (SPED) Program DO 46, s. 2014 - Guidelines on the Implementation of the Alternative Learning System for Persons With Disability (ALS for PWD) Program DO 98, s. 2011 - Revised Guidelines on the Utilization of the Financial Support Fund to the Secondary Schools Special Education (SPED) Program DO 85, s. 2011 - Amendment to DepEd Order No. 69, s. 2011 (Guidelines on Sustaining Special Education at the Elementary Level ) DO 77, s. 2011 - Moving the Disability Agenda Forward DO 53, s. 2008 - Maximization of Trained Teachers and Administrators in Special Education DO 6, s. 2006 - Policies and Guidelines for Special Education at the Secondary Level DO 11, s. 2000 - Recognized Special Education (SPED) Centers in the Philippines DO 26, s. 1997 - Institutionalization of SPED Programs in All Schools DO 1, s. 1997 - Organization of a Regional SPED Unit and Designation of Regional Supervisor In-Charge of Special Education DO 14, s. 1993 - Regional Special Education Council DO 87, s. 1992 - Utilization of Three Special Education Publications DO 117, s. 1987 - Policies and Guidelines for Special Education Department Orders Related to Special Education in the Philippines

27. Special Education

28. Prominent Personalities in the Development of Special Education 1775- 1838 : Jean Marc Gaspard Itard 1787- 1851 : Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 1801- 1876 : Samuel Gridley Home 1802- 1887 : Dorothea Dix 1844- 1924 : G. Stanley Hall 1866- 1936 : Anne Sullivan Macy

29. 1965 Congress adds Title VI to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 creating a Bureau of Education for the Handicapped (this bureau today is called the Office of Special Education Programs or OSEP). Two significant supreme court decisions [PARC v. Pennsylvania (1972) and Mills v. D.C. Board of Education (1972)] apply the equal protection argument to students with disabilities. Timeline of Special Education History 1972 1973 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is enacted into statute. This national law protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability. 1974 The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) is enacted .

30. 1975 The final federal regulations of EAHCA are released. Timeline of Special Education History 1977 1986 The EAHCA is amended with the addition of the Handicapped Children’s Protection Act. 1990 The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is enacted. T he Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) is enacted. This was also known as P.L. 94-142. Today we know this law as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

31. 1990 IDEA reauthorized Timeline of Special Education History 1997 2001 No Child Left Behind is enacted. 2004 IDEA reauthorized The EAHCA is amended and is now called the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).

32. 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 Educating students with disabilities is still NOT mandated by federal or state law. However, creation of the Bureau signified that a change was on the horizon. The courts take the position that children with disabilities have an equal right to access education as their non-disabled peers. Although there is no existing federal law that mandates this stance, some students begin going to school as a result of these court decisions. Impacts of the Historical Events 1972 1973 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 This national law was enacted with little fanfare. Most educators were not aware that this applied to public schools. 1974 Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act ( FERPA ) Parents are allowed to have access to all personally identifiable information collected, maintained, or used by a school district regarding their child. [ PARC v. Pennsylvania (1972) and Mills v. D.C. Board of Education (1972 )

33. 1975 The final federal regulations are enacted at the start of the 1977-1978 school year and provide a set of rules in which school districts must adhere to when providing an education to students with disabilities. 1977 1986 Handicapped Children’s Protection Act This amendment makes clear that students and parents have rights under EAHCA (now IDEA) and Section 504. 1990 ADA adopts the Section 504 regulations as part of the ADA statute. In turn, numerous “504 Plans” for individual students start to become more common place in school districts. Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( EAHCA) Before 1975, children with disabilities were mostly denied an education solely on the basis of their disabilities. EAHCA, along with some key supreme court cases, mandated all school districts to educate students with disabilities. Impacts of the Historical Events Final federal regulations of EAHCA Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA )

34. 1990 This amendment calls for students with disabilities to be included in on state and district-wide assessments. Also, Regular Education Teachers are now required to be a member of the IEP team. 1997 2001 No Child Left Behind This law calls for all students, including students with disabilities, to be proficient in math and reading by the year 2014. 2004 IDEA reauthorized This amendment calls for many changes to the old law. One of the biggest was the addition of transition services for students with disabilities. School Districts were now required to look at outcomes and assisting students with disabilities in transitioning from high school to postsecondary life. Impacts of the Historical Events EAHCA with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). IDEA reauthorized There are several changes from the 1997 reauthorization. The biggest changes call for more accountability at the state and local levels, as more data on outcomes is required. Another notable change involves school districts providing adequate instruction and intervention for students to help keep them out of special education.

35. Final Thought!

36. References: Klose , Laurie Mcgarry PHD. Special Education: A Guide for Parents . 1 - 4. [Online] Available:https :// webcache.googleusercontent.com/ search?q =cache:FhOSaDodb7gJ:https:// www.nasponline.org/Documents/Resources IDEA- Individual with Disabilities Education Act. [Online] [Available] https ://sites.ed.gov/idea/about-idea/ The History of Special Education [2017] . [Online] [Available] https ://teach.com/the-history-of-special-education/ Center for Parent Information and Resources. Key Terms to Know in Special Education [2010] [Online ] [Available] http ://www.parentcenterhub.org/keyterms-specialed / DO 26, s. 1997 - Institutionalization of SPED Programs in All Schools [1997]. [Online ] [Available] http :// www.deped.Key gov.ph/orders/do-26-s-1997 Department Orders [Online ] [Available] http :// www.deped.gov.ph/orders?f%5B0%5D=field_classification%3A735 Encyclopedia of Education- Special Education [ 2002] [Online] [Available ]. http :// www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/education-terms-and-concepts/special-education Peterson, John [2007]. A TIMELINE OF SPECIAL EDUCATION HISTORY [Online] Available : http ://www.fortschools.org/m/content.cfm?subpage=62980

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