INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING

Introduction
Objectives
Definitions of Teaching
The concept of Effective Teaching
Role of Teacher for Conducive Learning Environment
Characteristics of an Effective Teacher
The Concepts of Teaching Methodologies, Strategies, and Techniques
Exercise
Self Assessment Questions
References

1. Unit – 1 INTRODUCTION TO TEACHING Presented By: DR. DANIYAL MUSHTAQ [email protected]

2. CONTENTS Definitions of Teaching The concept of Effective Teaching Role of Teacher for Conducive Learning Environment Characteristics of an Effective Teacher The Concepts of Teaching Methodologies, Strategies and Techniques

3. Concept of Teaching Teaching is a process in which one individual teaches or instruct another individual. Teaching is considered as the act of imparting instructions to the learners in the classroom situation.  The set of activities carried out to provide education to others is called  Teaching.

4. Definition H C Morrison:-  Teaching is an intimate contact between the more mature personality and a less mature one. Jackson:-  Teaching is a face to face encounters between two or more persons, one of whom (teacher) intends to effect certain changes in the other participants (students ). N. L. Gage ( Democratic point of view ): Teaching is interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person. Clerk:-  Teaching refers to activities that are designed and performed to produce in students behavior.

5. Phases of Teaching Teaching is a complex task. We need systematic planning to perform this task. Teaching has to be done in steps. The different steps constituting the process are called the  phases of teaching . Each phase has some operations of teaching which create the situation for learning . Teaching process can be divided into three phases/stages. Pre-active phase – refers to planning Interactive phase – refers to the conduct and management Post-active phase – refers to the follow-up and consolidation

6. Nature and Characteristic of Teaching:- Teaching is a social and cultural process, which is planned in order to enable an individual to learn something in his life. We can describe the nature and characteristics of teaching in following way:- Teaching is a complete social process: Teaching is undertaken for the society and by the society. With ever changing social ideas, it is not possible to describe exact and permanent nature of teaching. Teaching is giving information:- Teaching tells students about the things they have to know and students cannot find out themselves. Communication of knowledge is an essential part of teaching.

7. Cont . Teaching is an interactive process Teaching is an interactive process between the student and the teaching sources, which is essential for the guidance, progress, and development of students. Teaching is a process of development and learning. Teaching causes a change in behavior. Teaching is art as well as science. Teaching is face to face encounter. Teaching is observable, measurable and modifiable.

8. Cont . Teaching is skilled occupation:- Every successful teacher is expected to know the general methods of teaching-learning situations. Teaching facilitates learning Teaching is both conscious and an unconscious process. Teaching is from memory level to reflective level. Teaching is a continuum of training, conditioning, instruction, and indoctrination.

9. Good Teaching Good Teaching  is about listening, questioning, being responsive and remembering that each student and class is different. It's about eliciting (drawing) responses and developing the oral communication skills of the  quiet students.

10. Maxims/Rules/Principals of Teaching From simple to complex From known to unknown From seen to unseen From part to whole From whole to part From concrete to abstract From direct to indirect From particular to general From analysis to synthesis From empirical to rationale From physiological to logical

11. Features of Good Teaching Good teaching is stimulating No a matter of pouring in but of drawing out Not a passive act but an active process Good teaching is well planned A means of adjustment Organization of learning Good teaching is kindly and sympathetic Good teaching is democratic Good teaching is suggestive and cooperative Good teaching liberates the learner

12. Characteristics of the Best Teachers 1. Have a sense of humor 2. Make the class interesting 3. Have knowledge of their subjects 4. Explain things clearly 5. Spend time to help students 6. Are fair to their students 7. Treat students like adults 8. Relate well to students 9. Are considerate of students’ feelings 10. Don't show favoritism toward students

13. Characteristics of the Worst Teachers 1. Are dull/have a boring class 2. Don't explain things clearly 3. Show favoritism toward students 4. Have a poor attitude 5. Expect too much from students 6. Don't relate to students 7. Give too much homework 8. Are too strict 9. Don't give help/individual attention 10. Lack control

14. What is the role of a teacher? The primary  role of a teacher  is to deliver classroom instruction that helps students learn. To accomplish this,  teachers  must prepare effective lessons, grade student work and offer feedback, manage classroom materials, productively navigate the curriculum, and collaborate with other staff.

15. Concept of Effective Teaching Effective teaching is a continual learning process, and each school year brings changes to which competent teachers must adapt. Changes can happen in terms of students, curriculum, building issues, colleagues, administrators, finances, health and safety concerns, families, communities, and a host of other influences on the daily lives of teachers. The foundation upon which teachers base their ability to adapt to changes and successfully navigate the complexities of the classroom comes largely from their personal abilities and experiences.

16. Cont . These personal abilities and experiences can be classified as prerequisites to teaching—that is, competencies that are acquired and demonstrated before the teacher ever walks through the schoolhouse door. Prerequisites of effective teaching are often considered in relation to novice teachers, but in fact they reflect the accumulated competencies and experiences that any teacher brings to the classroom. 

17. Definition of Effective Teaching Effective teaching can be defined as teaching that successfully achieves the objectives of teaching learning process.

18. Aspects of Effective Teaching There are various aspects of effective teaching, such as; Effectively Managing A Classroom, Starting Each Class With A Clear Objective, Engaging Students With Questioning Strategies, Consolidating The Lesson At The End Of A Period, And Diagnosing Common Student Errors And Correcting Them That Can Be Systematically Measured By Observing Classrooms And By Asking Students.

19. Effective Teachers The effective teacher is the one who enables the students to reach to the desired learning outcomes. In order to be an effective teacher, one that inspires and motivates students, it is essential to have a well developed pedagogy. It is important to have vibrant classroom activities and have a positive demeanor when teaching, as this will encourage students to be present at school everyday and to engage in their learning activities . Research suggests that the following prerequisites are linked to effective teachers:

20. Roles Of An Effective Teacher An effective teacher is one who contributes to the learning environment by increasing keen interest of the students. For the purpose of teaching, the teacher has to play five major roles. These roles are: As a Subject matter expert As a Pedagogical expert As an Excellent communicator As a Student- centred mentor As a Systematic and continual assesser

21. As a Subject matter expert Teachers possess thorough knowledge of subject matter and go beyond the standard textbook materials. Teachers develop important and original thoughts on the subject matter . They tackle issues related to the discipline on the basis of their knowledge.

22. As a Pedagogical expert Teachers s et appropriate learning goals and objectives and communicates them clearly. They show a positive attitude towards the subject, work to overcome difficulties that might hindrance in learning. They evaluate and mark students’ work fairly. They guide students through critical thinking, and problem solving processes and help them to develop their own understanding. Teachers provide feedback to students about their progress in learning.

23. As an Excellent communicator . A Teacher demonstrates effective oral and written communication, good organizational abilities and planning skills. He/she helps students learn to use effective communication skills; utilizes teaching tools appropriately and effectively.

24. As a Student- centred mentor A Teacher tries to encourage each student to learn through a variety of methods and encourages student participation. Take his/her students to higher intellectual levels.

25. As a Systematic and continual assesser A Teacher makes an appropriate procedure for student outcome assessments in order to improve student learning experiences. He/she systematically assess his/her own teaching , keeps the class material fresh and new. He/she uses new teaching style to achieve the objectives of successful student learning by identifying his/her own weaknesses and shortcomings in the teaching process.

26. Verbal Ability Verbal Ability has a positive effect on student achievement. Teachers make connections with their students, colleagues, and students' families through words and actions. Effective teachers know their students and how to communicate with them, both individually and collectively. Some students prefer “just the facts” while others want to hear a narrative, and then there are others with completely different learning styles and communication needs. Effective teachers carefully consider their audience when delivering a message. They observe reactions and decide how best to get their point across to different individuals.

27. Content Knowledge Content Knowledge  as measured by majoring or minoring in the subject area or participating in professional development in the content contributes to increased student learning. Teachers cannot teach what they don't know. The research clearly shows that teachers (particularly in the areas of mathematics and science) who have majored or minored in the subject area they teach attain better achievement results with their students than teachers without background in their subject areas

28. Cont . The relationship between teacher knowledge and student acquisition of knowledge makes sense. Successful teachers know the content and can determine the essential knowledge and skills that are necessary for mastery of the subject in order to integrate them into effective instruction. Effective teachers organize and present content knowledge and skills to students in a manner that helps the students access, interact with, and learn the material. Additionally, students value teachers who effectively convey their knowledge of the subject area through strong communication skills

29. Educational Coursework Educational Coursework  is a stronger predictor of teaching effectiveness than grade point average or test scores. For teachers who embrace the concept of life-long learning, continued professional development in their field results in increased student achievement . The research addressing educational coursework typically refers to the courses teachers took as part of their preparation program for teaching or as a part of postgraduate work to earn their teacher certification, but educational coursework does not stop with the signing of a teaching contract. Teachers must continue to develop their professional knowledge in order to renew their licenses and, perhaps more importantly, to renew themselves.

30. Cont . For many teachers, this renewal entails taking graduate classes in education, attending conferences, and participating in a myriad of other professional development opportunities. What teachers do in terms of acquiring knowledge and skills, both before and after they begin teaching, influences the learning that occurs in their classrooms . Teachers continue to develop throughout their careers as they learn the science and art of teaching. When educators participate in professional development offerings that relate to the content area or population of students they teach, it enhances their effectiveness, resulting in higher levels of student academic success.

31. Cont . Professional development should focus on what teachers need to do and accomplish in the school and with their students. For example, professional development in instructional differentiation makes a difference in student achievement as teachers are better able to meet diverse students' needs. 

32. Cont . Teacher Certification,  regardless of the type of certification held, results in teachers being more effective than their uncertified counterparts. Teacher certification is determined by individual states and is issued to individuals whom the state deems qualified to teach based on its criteria. In most states, proper certification or licensure is the operational definition of a “highly qualified teacher” as required in  No Child Left Behind . Although being certified does not necessarily guarantee effectiveness, students of certified teachers typically do have higher levels of achievement than do students of uncertified teachers

33. Cont . There are multiple routes to earning teacher certification, ranging from traditional preparation programs to abbreviated alternative ones like Teach for America, with a host of intermediate options. Most states have some form of alternative certification that allows individuals who have a bachelor's degree to earn their certification without getting an advanced degree in education or taking additional undergraduate courses. For certification to be considered as a quality indicator, teachers should be assigned to teach in their field of study.

34. Cont . Teaching Experience,  up to a point, is influential in teacher effectiveness, particularly in the areas of planning, classroom management, questioning, and reflection. Experience does make a difference in teacher effectiveness, as it offers teachers the opportunity to grow professionally by learning from practice. This growth is a part of the learning curve that novice teachers experience as they begin their transformation into competent teachers. Consequently, students of experienced teachers tend to have higher levels of achievement. Negative effects on student achievement have been associated with the proportion of beginning teachers to whom students are assigned.

35. Challenges in Teacher Effectiveness As a teacher, it can sometimes be difficult to engage the community, as parents may feel they know what is best for their child in terms of education. Students can be difficult to motivate and it could be a challenge to understand cultural diversity. It is essential to be able to see through ‘multiple lenses ’. Some of these are described as under:

36. 1. Thinking Skills Effective teachers model and communicate good thinking skills, especially critical thinking, which involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence. Getting students to think critically is not easy; many students develop a habit of passively learning material and rotely memorizing concepts rather than thinking deeply and reflectively. Thinking critically also means being open-minded and curious on the one hand, yet being careful to avoid key mistakes in interpretation on the other.

37. 2. Classroom Management Skills An important aspect of being an effective teacher is keeping the class as a whole working together and oriented toward classroom tasks. Effective teachers establish and maintain an environment in which learning can occur. To create this optimal learning environment, teachers need a repertoire of strategies for establishing rules and procedures, organizing groups, monitoring and pacing classroom activities, and handling misbehavior.

38. 3. Motivational Skills Effective teachers have good strategies for helping students become self-motivated and take responsibility for their learning. Educational psychologists increasingly stress that this is best accomplished by providing real-world learning opportunities of optimal difficulty and novelty for each student. Students are motivated when they can make choices in line with their personal interests. Effective teachers give them the opportunity to think creatively and deeply about projects.

39. Factors of Effective Teaching Teacher Knowledge, Enthusiasm and Responsibility for Learning:- Good classroom is one in which knowledge is shared among teacher and students. Teacher not only gives instructions but takes ideas of students during the teaching learning process and carry out discussions. In such an environment the knowledge is shared ; students and teachers all become learners and discover the world of the subject. In such an environment, a teacher takes responsibility for the sharing and enjoyment of the knowledge.

40. Cont . Classroom Activities That Encourage Learning:- In a classroom of opportunity and experience, the learners explore and do experiment. In such a climate the process of learning become a measure of success and the students feel that they are the masters of their own learning. Attitudes of the teacher in such a classroom can influence the outcome. A teacher needs to be prepared to test what is going on in the class.

41. Cont . Assessment Activities That Encourage Learning Through Experience:- The assessment contributes towards the creation of an effective learning process. If the students know the value of assessment in the ongoing learning process, not at the end , then they can work well and take part in the process and use it to gain better results. The effective learning environment involves the processes of peer tutoring, co-operative learning , questioning, clarifying and summarizing. All of these processes are used to empower the learners. For example if teacher asks the question: ‘What do you do in the classroom ?’ If assessment activities are part of the ‘doing’ then they become a central part of the learning process.

42. Cont . Effective Feedback That Establishes the Learning Processes In the Classroom:- Appropriate learning related feedback is one of the important factors in effective teaching. Different methods of feedback enable the teacher to engage the students with learning. All explanations, questioning methods, instructions are part of feedback and student input. In an effective classroom the students actively seek the feedback of their performance. The feedback that a teacher gets from the students is also essential to the creation of a learning environment. The more feedback that a teacher can obtain from students, and the more the teacher can act on that feedback, the better the learning environment will be that is created .

43. Cont . Effective Interaction between the Teacher and the Students, Creating an Environment That Respects, Encourages and Stimulates Learning through Experience :- Learning is an emotional exercise. Students like those things or actions that appeals to them emotionally. The teacher who brings a sense of personal involvement to the classroom , and who wants to share the knowledge with the class, who shows that he/she is also a part of the learning cycle, is setting up a relationship with the learners. The working environment generated by the interaction can remove the stigma of ‘ working’ and turn the learning process into rewarding.

44. ROLE OF TEACHER FOR CONDUCIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT The teachers have to perform many roles other than the process of teaching and imparting information to the students. They take up vital places in the lives of the students in their classrooms. Mainly they set the tone of their classrooms , build a warm environment, and take care of students by looking for any sign of trouble. They become role models for the students.

45. Cont. The best classroom environment is one that results in efficient learning (Callahan 1996 ). The classroom atmosphere becomes conducive (favorable) to learning when teacher before planning teaching analyzes the behavior of each student of the class. In such environment students become self directive when encouraged through proper guidance and teaching techniques of the teacher .

46. Principles for Conducive Classroom Environment In order to create conducive classroom environment, the teachers must establish and maintain it through following teaching principles and managing practices. Following are the means to make the class room more effective: Keep students motivated by keeping the students motivated in learning. Meet basic needs. Exercise moderate degree of control. Empower the students.

47. Cont. Keep instruction at the student level Develop healthy and professionally sound relationship with all the students by being friendly with them. Communicate interest in all the students and show concern for each of them. While instructing, ensure physical closeness with all the students by roaming around the class. Avoid labeling the students with negative adjectives, which are likely to lower their self-esteem.

48. Cont. Develop a set of few general classroom rules applicable to variety of situations. These rules should be displayed in the class. Be assertive, rather than passive or aggressive, in enforcing discipline. Apply the rule forcefully fairly, consistently and calmly . Create business like climate in the classroom, where students understand that they and the teacher have a commonly shared goal of accomplishing such activities that promote learning.

49. Unique Characteristics of Effective Teachers Clarity of the teacher’s explanations and directions Establishing a task-oriented classroom climate Making use of a variety of learning activities Establishing and maintaining momentum and pace for the lesson Encouraging pupil participation and getting all pupils involved. Monitoring pupils’ progress and attending quickly to pupils’ needs. Delivering a well-structured and well-organized lesson. Providing pupils with positive and constructive feedback. Ensuring coverage of the educational objectives Making good use of questioning techniques

50. The Concepts of Teaching Methodologies, Strategies and Techniques Teaching Approach - set of principles, belief or ideas about nature of learning which is translated into the classroom. Teaching Strategy - long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. Teaching Method -a systematic way of doing something. Teaching Technique - well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific task; teacher’s particular/ personal style.

51. Teaching Method The term  teaching method  refers to the general principles, pedagogy and management strategies used for classroom instruction . Teaching method is a style of the presentation of content in classroom. A  teaching method comprises the principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning.

52. Classification of Teaching Methods Telling Methods:- Lecture, Questioning, and Discussion, etc. Showing Methods:- Demonstration and Excursion, etc. Doing Methods:- Project, Activity, Role Playing, and Practical Method, etc.

53. Classification of Teaching Methods There are different types of teaching methods which can be categorized into the following broad types. These are : Teacher- centred methods Learner- centred methods Content-focused methods and Interactive/participative methods

54. Teaching Methods

55. Student-centered Teaching Methods Student-centered teaching methods include: active learning, in which students solve problems, answer questions, formulate questions of their own, discuss , explain, debate , brainstorm during class and cooperative learning.

56. Lecture Method A lecture is an oral presentation of information by the instructor.  A formal or semi-formal discourse in which the instructor presents a series of events, facts, or principles, explores a problem or explains relationships.

57. Qualities of a Good Lecture A good lecture should not be too long as to exceed the trainees attention span (up to 25 minutes). A good lecture should address a single theme. In a good lecture technical terms are carefully explained. Familiar examples and analogies are given. A good lecture establishes fluency in technical content. A good lecture uses illustrations and examples. A good lecture builds on existing knowledge. A good lecture employs a variety of approaches.

58. Uses Of Lecture Method To orient students. To introduce a subject. To give directions on procedures. To present basic material. To introduce a demonstration, discussion, or performance . To illustrate application of rules, principles, or concepts. To review, clarify, emphasize or summarize.

59. Advantages Saves time Permits flexibility. Requires less rigid space requirement. Permits adaptability. Permits versatility. Permits better centre over contact and sequence.

60. Disadvantages Involves one way communication Poses problems in skill teaching. Encourages student passiveness. Poses difficulty in gauging student reaction. Require highly skilled instructors.

61. Discussion Method A method in which group discussion techniques are used to reach instructional objectives.

62. Uses of Discussion Method To develop imaginative solutions to problems. To stimulate thinking and interest and to secure student participation. To emphasize main teaching points. To supplement lectures, reading, or laboratory exercises. To determine how well student understands concepts and principles. To prepare students for application of theory of procedure. To summarize, clarify points or review.

63. Advantages 1. Increase students interest 2. Increases students acceptance and commitments. 3. Utilizes student knowledge and experience. 4. Results in more permanent learning because of high degree of student participation.

64. Disadvantages Require highly skilled instructor. Requires preparation by student. Limits content. Consumes time. Restricts size of groups.

65. Demonstration Method Telling and showing method perform usually by a teacher or a trained student while the rest of the class become observer.

66. Deductive Method Deductive Teaching is a process of teaching that starts with a rule or general statement that is applied to specific cases/examples Expository or Deductive Method : a telling method where facts, concepts, principles and generalizations, are stated presented, defined, interpreted by the teacher and followed by the application of testing of three concepts, principles, generalizations in new examples generated by the student.

67. Experiential Methodologies; Exploratory 1. Inductive Method An exploratory method of logic where one arrives at a fact, principle, truth or generalization . Formulating conclusion, a definition, a rule, a principle or a formula based on knowledge of examples and details Studying : observing, comparing many instances or cases in several instances to discover the common element and form generalization.

68. Cont. 2. Discovery Method A method in which thoughts are synthesized to perceive something that the individual has not known before. The learner gets directly involved in learning learning is a result of the learners own internalized, insights, reflection and experiences

69. Problem Solving Method Any purposeful activity that will remove a recognized difficulty or perplexity in situation through the process of reasoning.

70. Project Method A significant practical units of an activity of a problematic nature carried on by students in a lifelike manner and in natural setting. It maybe a construction, an enjoyment, a problem or a learning project.

71. Laboratory Method A set of first hand learning activities wherein the individual investigates a problem, conducts experiments, observes, process or applies theories and principles in simulated setting .

72. Inquiry Teaching Learners are confronted with a puzzling situation and are to enter into investigative work to solve a problem

73. Reflective Teaching Method An on-going process that enables individuals to continually learn from their own experiences by considering alternative interpretations of situations, generating and evaluating goals and examining experiences in the light of alternative goals and hypothesis.