INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON (1).pptx

The government of the Philippines (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas) has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

2. The Meaning of Philosophy The word “philosophy” comes from two Greek words, philo , meaning “to love”, and Sophia, meaning “wisdom”. Philosophy originally meant, “love of wisdom”, and in a broad sense, wisdom is still the goal of philosophy. PHILOSOPHY define as the attitude of the mind that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or the highest principles of all things. Below are the things to be considered: Scientific approach, natural light of reason, study of all things, first cause or the highest principle.

3. Four things to be considered in doing philosophy: Scientific Approach- It follows steps or it employs certain procedures. In others words, it is an organized body of knowledge just like any other sciences. Natural Light of Reason – Philosopher uses his natural capacity to think or observe the world and people. Study of all things- Distinction between philosophy and other sciences. All other sciences concern with a particular object or investigation. First cause or the Highest Principle – It is a principle because everything in the world and every situation has a starting and beginning.

4. Principles Principle of Identity – whatever is is , and whatever is not is not, everything is what it is. Principle of Noncontradiction- It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time. Principle of Excluded Middle – a thing is either is or is not, everything must be either. Principle of sufficient Reason- nothing exist without a sufficient reason for its being and existence

5. Socrates is considered by many to be the founding father of Western philosophy—as well as one of the most enigmatic figures of ancient history. Socrates of  Athens  (l. c. 470/469-399 BCE) is among the most famous figures in world history for his contributions to the development of ancient  Greek philosophy  which provided the foundation for all of Western  Philosophy . He is, in fact, known as the "Father of Western Philosophy" for this reason. His most famous student was  Plato   (l. c. 424/423-348/347 BCE) who would honor his name through the establishment of a school in Athens (Plato's Academy). Plato's best known student was  Aristotle  of Stagira (l. 384-322 BCE) who would then tutor  Alexander the Great   (l. 356-323 BCE) and establish his own school.

6. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

7. Metaphysics At its core the study of metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, of what exists in the world, what it is like, and how it is ordered. In metaphysics philosophers wrestle with such questions as: Is there a God? What is truth? What is a person? What makes a person the same through time? Is the world strictly composed of matter? Do people have minds? If so, how is the mind related to the body? Do people have free will? What is it for one event to cause another?

8. Ethics The study of ethics often concerns what we ought to do and what it would be best to do. In struggling with this issue, larger questions about what is good and right arise. So, the ethicist attempts to answer such questions as: What is good? What makes actions or people good? What is right? What makes actions right? Is morality objective or subjective? How should I treat others?

9. Ethics Is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates the morality and virtue of human actions. Ethicists who study morality from the perspective of philosophy appeal to logical arguments to justify claims and positions involving morality. Whereas religion has often helped motivate individuals to obey the laws and moral code of their society, philosophy is not content with traditional or habitual ethics.

10. Ethics has five main frameworks Divine command – What does God ordain us to do. A strong sense of individualism not exist, but rather the collective is emphasized. Consequentialism or utilitarianism- What has the most desirable consequences. Deontological ethics- whatever is moral duty to do. This means that a person has a moral duty to do what is right regardless of what the person thinks of feels about that situation. Virtue ethics- what kind of person I ought to be. This ethical theory ignores the consequences, duties and social contracts. Relativism - what does the culture or society think I ought to do. This divine command discusses how personal religious beliefs and spiritual attitudes relevant.

11. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It is primarily concerned with what we can know about the world and how we can know it. Typical questions of concern in epistemology are: What is knowledge? Do we know anything at all? How do we know what we know? Can we be justified in claiming to know certain things?

12. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek " aisthetikos ", meaning "of sense perception". Along with Ethics, aesthetics is part of axiology (the study of values and value judgments). In practice, we distinguish between aesthetic judgements (the appreciation of any object, not necessarily an art object) and artistic judgments (the appreciation or criticism of a work of art). Thus aesthetics is broader in scope than the philosophy of art. It is also broader than the philosophy of beauty, in that it applies to any of the responses we might expect works of art or entertainment to elicit, whether positive or negative. In very general terms, it examines what makes something beautiful, sublime, disgusting, fun, cute, silly, entertaining, pretentious, discordant, harmonious, boring, humorous or tragic.

13. Logic Another important aspect of the study of philosophy is the arguments or reasons given for people's answers to these questions. To this end philosophers employ logic to study the nature and structure of arguments. Logicians ask such questions as: What constitutes "good" or "bad" reasoning? How do we determine whether a given piece of reasoning is good or bad?