INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON.pptx

Metaphysics, Ethics, Epistemology. Supplementary Topics: Philosophy of Science, Social and Political Philosophy, Aesthetics.

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON JAN DAVE S. ANSAL, LPT

2. Learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to; 1. Review and identify the holistic view of Philosophy. 2. Realize the value of doing philosophy in obtaining a broad and balanced perspective life. 3. Create a philosophical reflection on specific and practical life situations from a holistic perspective in life. 4. Appreciate Filipino indigenous values and thinking.

3. The Meaning of Philosophy The word “philosophy” comes from two Greek words, philo , meaning “to love”, and Sophia, meaning “wisdom”. Philosophy originally meant, “love of wisdom”, and in a broad sense, wisdom is still the goal of philosophy. PHILOSOPHY define as the attitude of the mind that by natural light of reason studies the first causes or the highest principles of all things. Below are the things to be considered: Scientific approach, natural light of reason, study of all things, first cause or the highest principle.

4. Socrates is considered by many to be the founding father of Western philosophy—as well as one of the most enigmatic figures of ancient history. Socrates of  Athens  (l. c. 470/469-399 BCE) is among the most famous figures in world history for his contributions to the development of ancient  Greek philosophy  which provided the foundation for all of Western  Philosophy . He is, in fact, known as the "Father of Western Philosophy" for this reason. His most famous student was  Plato   (l. c. 424/423-348/347 BCE) who would honor his name through the establishment of a school in Athens (Plato's Academy). Plato's best known student was  Aristotle  of Stagira (l. 384-322 BCE) who would then tutor  Alexander the Great   (l. 356-323 BCE) and establish his own school.

5. PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES OF EDUCATION Essentialism adheres to a belief that a core set of essential skills must be taught to all students. Essentialists tend to privilege traditional academic disciplines that will develop prescribed skills and objectives in different content areas as well as develop a common culture. Typically, essentialism argues for a back-to-basics approach on teaching intellectual and moral standards. Schools should prepare all students to be productive members of society. Essentialist curricula focuses on reading, writing, computing clearly and logically about objective facts about the outside real world. Essentialist classrooms tend to be teacher-centered in instructional delivery with an emphasis on lecture and teacher demonstrations. Key theorists: William Bagley

6. Perennialism Perennialism advocates for seeking, teaching, and learning universal truths that span across historical time periods. These truths, Perennialists argue, have everlasting importance in helping humans solve problems regardless of time and place. While Perennialism resembles essentialism at first glance, perennialism focuses on the individual development of the student rather than emphasizing skills. Perennialism supports liberal arts curricula that helps produces well-rounded individuals with some knowledge across the arts and sciences. All students should take classes in English Language Arts, foreign languages, mathematics, natural sciences, fine arts, and philosophy. Like Essentialism, Perennialism may tend to favor teacher-centered instruction; however, Perennialists do utilize student-centered instructional activities like Socratic Seminar, which values and encourages students to think, rationalize, and develop their own ideas on topics. Key theorists: Robert Hutchins

7. Progressivism Progressivism focuses its educational stance toward experiential learning with a focus on developing the whole child. Students learn by doing rather than being lectured to by teachers. Curriculum is usually integrated across contents instead of siloed into different disciplines. Progressivism’s stance is in stark contrast to both Essentialism and Perennialism in this manner. Progressivism follows a clear pragmatic ontology where the learner focuses on solving real-world problems through real experiences. Progressivist classrooms are student-centered where students will work in cooperative/collaborative groups to do project-based, expeditionary, problem-based, and/or service-learning activities. In progressivist classrooms, students have opportunities to follow their interests and have shared authority in planning and decision making with teachers. Key theorists: John Dewey, Maria Montessori

8. Social Reconstructionism & Critical Pedagogy Social reconstructionism . Social reform in response to helping prepare students to make a better world through instilling democratic values. Critical pedagogy is the application of critical theory to education. For critical pedagogues, teaching and learning is inherently a political act and they declare that knowledge and language are not neutral, nor can they be objective. Therefore, issues involving social, environmental, or economic justice cannot be separated from the curriculum. Critical pedagogy’s goal is to emancipate marginalized or oppressed groups by developing, according to Paulo Freire, conscientização , or critical consciousness in students. Critical pedagogy de-centers the traditional classroom, which positions teacher at the center. The curriculum and classroom with a critical pedagogy stance is student-centered and focuses its content on social critique and political action. Key theorists: Paulo Freire

9. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

10. Metaphysics At its core the study of metaphysics is the study of the nature of reality, of what exists in the world, what it is like, and how it is ordered. In metaphysics philosophers wrestle with such questions as: Is there a God? What is truth? What is a person? What makes a person the same through time? Is the world strictly composed of matter? Do people have minds? If so, how is the mind related to the body? Do people have free will? What is it for one event to cause another?

11. Epistemology Epistemology is the study of knowledge. It is primarily concerned with what we can know about the world and how we can know it. Typical questions of concern in epistemology are: What is knowledge? Do we know anything at all? How do we know what we know? Can we be justified in claiming to know certain things?

12. Ethics The study of ethics often concerns what we ought to do and what it would be best to do. In struggling with this issue, larger questions about what is good and right arise. So, the ethicist attempts to answer such questions as: What is good? What makes actions or people good? What is right? What makes actions right? Is morality objective or subjective? How should I treat others?

13. Logic Another important aspect of the study of philosophy is the arguments or reasons given for people's answers to these questions. To this end philosophers employ logic to study the nature and structure of arguments. Logicians ask such questions as: What constitutes "good" or "bad" reasoning? How do we determine whether a given piece of reasoning is good or bad?

14. Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek " aisthetikos ", meaning "of sense perception". Along with Ethics, aesthetics is part of axiology (the study of values and value judgments). In practice, we distinguish between aesthetic judgements (the appreciation of any object, not necessarily an art object) and artistic judgments (the appreciation or criticism of a work of art). Thus aesthetics is broader in scope than the philosophy of art. It is also broader than the philosophy of beauty, in that it applies to any of the responses we might expect works of art or entertainment to elicit, whether positive or negative. In very general terms, it examines what makes something beautiful, sublime, disgusting, fun, cute, silly, entertaining, pretentious, discordant, harmonious, boring, humorous or tragic.