Introduction to world religion quarter 1.pdf

ISLAM

1. ISLAM
LEADER:
JOLINA ARMAMENTO
MEMBERS:
JAMILLA JABAYBAY
NOVEY ANN
CORDERO
ROBERT JED
UGBANIEL
RHEA MAE INOT
ELLYN CASAS

2. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam
An orphan from a poor Bedouin tribe, and influence of
Judaism and Monophysite Christianity (that the divine
and the human Jesus were integrated in the same
body) in the Byzantine Empire. With no formal
schooling, Muhammad worked as a caravan worker
travelling across the Arabian Peninsula as a camel
driver.
Background of Muhammad (570-632)

3. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
Qur'an, or "Recitation," - From 610, at 40,
Muhammad started to receive revelations from God,
which he would later recite in front of audiences and
formed the heart of Islam.
“Messenger of God” - Muhammad considered himself,
- His new religion largely appealed
to the unfortunate of Mecca:

4. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
§foreigners who were not protected by any clan,
§members of poor clans,
§the children of the wealthiest clans who had fallen out of
favor or somehow lost their inheritance.
The wealthy and powerful clans were against him, partly
because the revelations recited by Muhammad were often
specifically directed against them, particularly in the direct
commands to redistribute wealth.

5. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
.
Muhammad’s Arrival In Yathrib (620 CE):
•Yathrib (later called Medina) was divided by violent clan
feuds between Arab and Jewish tribes.
•Muhammad was invited to help resolve these conflicts.
•Many clans accepted Islam, uniting under his leadership.
•The city was renamed Medina, meaning “City of the
Prophet”.

6. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
The Hijrah(622 CE):
•Muhammad secretly left Mecca with over 75 followers
to escape persecution.
•Their migration to Medina is called the Hijrah means
“severing ties with your relatives”.
•622 CE marks Year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
•This move symbolized a break from Meccan leaders
and Judaism.

7. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
The Rise of Mecca as the Center of Islam (630 CE):
•Pre-islam Mecca was a religious hub with Ka’ba or
“Cube”, a shrine for many gods.
•Among them was Allah, possibly influenced by Judaism
and Christianity.
•Muhammad returned with an army, defeated Meccas
powerful clans and:

8. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
•Destroyed idols in the Ka’ba.
•Declared Mecca the main religious center of Islam.
•Medina and Jerusalem remain important holy cities.
Revelation of the Qur’an
•For 23 years (609-632 CE), Muhammad received
messages from god.
•Being illiterate, he memorized the revelations.
•He recited them to Zayn ibn Thabit, his companion
and scribe.

9. A. Prophet Mohammad as the Founder of Islam

Background of Muhammad (570-632)
•Zayd wrote them on materials like leather scraps,
palm ribs, stones, and bones.
•Papermaking was not yet known to the Arabs at
that time.
•Zayd was one of the first converts to Islam.
•Around 20 years after Muhammad’s death, the
Qur’an was compiled and widely distributed.

10. •Islam began in the 7th century CE in what
is now Saudi Arabia.
•It is considered the youngest of the major
world religions.
•Muhammad (c. 570-632 CE) introduced
Islam in 610 CE after an angelic visitation.
•He dictated the Quar’an, believed by
Muslims to be the perfect, eternal word of
Allah.
Origin of Islam (Acccording to Secular History)

11. •Though Muhammad is the final prophet, Islam
began long before him.
•The Qur’an did not originate with Muhammad, but
was revealed through Angel Gabriel.
•The Qur’an declares itself as a revelation from
God, confirming past sciptures.
Origin of Islam (According to Islam)

12. Key verses:
•Sura 26:192-195: “A revelation from the Lord of the
universe.The Honest Spirit (Gabriel) came downwith
it, to reveal it into your heart, that you may be one of
the warners,.. in perfect Arabic tongue.”
•Sura 2:97 “ Anyone who opposes Gabriel should
know that he hasbrought down this (the Qur’an) into
your heart, in accordance with God’s will, confirming
previous scriptures, and providing guidance and good
news for the believers.”

13. The Qur’an refers to earlier holy books:
•Torah (Hebrew Scripture),
•Psalms of David,
•Gospels of Jesus Christ (Sura 4:163; 5:44 - 48).
Muslims are even encouraged to test the Qur’an’s truth against these
earlier scriptures (Sura 10:94).
However, key contradictions exist:
•Example: The Qur’an denies Jesus’ cruxifixion
(Sura 4:157 - 158), while the Gospels affirm
it clearly.
The Origin of Islam : The “Previous Scripture”

14. The Covenant: Isaac vs. Ishmael
•According to the Bible (Genesis):
•God promised Abraham a child through his wife Sarah-Isaac, the
“child of promise”.
•Sarah was barren, so she gave her servant Hagar to Abraham,
who bore Ishmael.
•But God’s covenant was with Isaac, not Ishmael (Genesis 17-21).
•Isaac became the father of Jacob, ancestor of the twelve tribes of
Israel and Jesus Christ.

15. The Covenant: Isaac vs. Ishmael
•According to the Qur’an:
•Ishmael was the true child of promise (Sura19-54; 37:83 -
109).
•Muhammad descended from Ishmael, so Muslims believe
the covenant belongs to Ishmael’s descendants.

16. Conflict Over the Land of Promise
•The Bible states God gave the land of Canaan(Palestine) to Isaac’s
descendants (Genesis 12-35).
•Muslims claim the land based on Ishmael’s line, linking it to
Muhammad.
•This religious disagreement has fueled conflict in the Middle East,
especially after Israel’s return to Palestine in 1948.
•Major wars occured in 1948-49, 1956,1967,1973-74, and 1982.
•Israel’s survival is often described as miraculous due to ongoing
opposition.

17. Origin of Islam: The God of the Bible?
Is the God of the Qur’an the same as the God of Bible?
Common Misconception :
•Some believe the God of the Bible and the God of the
Qur’an are the same because both mention figures like
Abraham.
•However, the biblical characters in the Qur’an differ from
their biblical counterparts.

18. Key Differences in Belief :
§Trinity
•Bible: God exists in three Persons - Father,Son(Jesus), and
Holy Spirit (One God in Three Persons).
•Qur’an: Denies the Trinity(Sura 4:171).
§Jesus Christ (Isa) :
•Bible: Jesus is the Son of God, divine, and eternally
preexistent.
•Qur’an: Denies His Sonship deity, and preexistence(Sura
3:59-60; 4:171; 5:17,75; 9:30).

19. Origin of Islam: The Qur’an vs. the Bible
§Muhammad’s Revelation:
•Claimed to confirm and supersede earlier scriptures: the
Torah, Psalms, and Gospels (Sura 4:163; 5:44-48; 10:94).
•However, the Qur’an contradicts these earlier scriptures.
§Muslim Response to Contradictions:
•Muslims reject the current Bible, claiming it was corrupted
or forged.
•They believe the original versions were lost and that only
the Qur’an remains authentic.
•This creates a paradox: the Qur’an claims to affirm
previous scriptures but also invalidates them.

20. Discrepancies Between the Qur’an and the Bible
§Mary vs. Miriam Confusion:
•The Qur’an mistakes Mary(mother of Jesus) for Miriam,
sister of Moses and Aaron (Sura 3:35-48; 19:27-28).
•In reality, 1,500+ years separate the two women.
§Samaritans and the Golden Calf:
•The Qur’an claims a Samaritan made the golden calf at
Sinai (Sura 20:85-88).
•Hisorically, Samaritans didn’t exist until centuries after the
Exodus (Exodus 32:1-4).

21. §Roots in Judaism and Christianity:
•Islam recognizes prophets from both Judaism ad
Christianity: Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.
•Muslims believe they worship the same God, with
Muhammad as the final prophet.
§Lineage and Identity:
•Muslims see themselves as descendants of Abraham
through Ishmael, Abraham’s son by his Egyptian servant.
The Rise and Development of Islam

22. §Sources of Islamic Belief:
•The Qur’an - believed to be God’s direct revelations to
Muhammad.
•The Sunna - teachings and practices of Muhammad.
•Shari’ah - Islamic law, based on the Qur’an and Sunna,
codified within a few centuries of Islam’s founding.
§Lasting Influence:
•The Shari’ah permanently shaped Arabic society and
influenced future Islamic generations.
The Rise and Development of Islam

23. §Meaning and Origin:
•Qur’an means “recitation” or “reading”.
•Believed to be God’s eternal word, revealed to Muhammad
over 23 years (610-632 CE) through angel Gabriel.
•Written in Arabic and considered unaltered since
Muhammad’s time.
Sacred Texts of Islam: The Qur’an

24. Authority and Structure:
•Supreme authority in faith, law, and theology.
•Composed of 114 chapters (surahs) and verses (ayahs).
v86 Meccan surahs (spiritual themes).
v28 Medinian surahs (community and law).
•Divided into 30 parts (juz) for ease of monthly reading.
•Not arranged chronologically but by chapter length (longest to
shortest).
Sacred Texts of Islam: The Qur’an

25. Sacred Texts of Islam: The Qur’an
§Preservations and Recitation:
•Originally memorized by Muhammad and written down by
companions (e.g., Zayd ibn Thabit).
•Still memorized today - those who memorize it are called hafiz
(male) or hafiza (female).
•All Muslims, regardless of sect, use the same Arabic Qur’an.
§The Fatihah - Opening Prayers:
•Most recited prayer in Islam, asking for guidance and mercy.

26. §Definition and Importance:
•Hadith means “traditional reports or sayings”.
•Records the sayings, actions, and apporovals of
Muhammad and his companions.
•Serves as the second source of Islamic law (Shari’ah)
after the Qur’an.
Sacred Texts of Islam: The Hadith

27. §Compilation and Authority:
•Unlike the Qur’an, hadiths were compiled
generations later, not under centralized authority.
•Gained wide recognition by the 9th century CE.
•Collections are known as Kutub al- Sittah (The Six
Authentic Books).
Sacred Texts of Islam: The Hadith

28. Sacred Texts of Islam: The Hadith
§Most Respected Collections:
•Sahih al- Bukhari by Imam al- Bukhari (810-870 CE).
•Sahih Muslim by Imam Muslim (c.815-875 CE).
•These two are considered the most authentic and most
frequently cited hadiths.
§Role in Islamic Practice:
•Provide guidance on rituals, moral conduct, and legal
matters.
•Source of the Five Pillars of Islam and many criminal
laws.

29. Doctrines : The Five Pillars of Islam
§Shahada (Faith):
•Declaration of faith: “ There is no god but
Allah, and Muhammad as His messenger”.
•Recited during prayer, at birth, and before
death.
§Salat (Prayer):
•Ritual prayer five times daily facing Mecca:
before sunrise, noon, mid-afternoon, after
sunset, and before midnight.

30. Doctrines : The Five Pillars of Islam
§Zakat (Almsgiving):
•Annual 2.5% wealth tax for the poor,
orphans, and widows.
•Seen as a duty, not charity.
§Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan):
•30 days of fasting frow dawn to dusk.
•No food, drink, smoking, or sexual activity.
•Teaches self-disciplines and empathy for
the poor.

31. Doctrines : The Five Pillars of Islam
§Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca):
•Required once in a lifetime for able
Muslims.
•Centered at the Kaaba, believed to be built
by Abraham and Ishmael

32. •Allah is the one and only God, creator of all
things.
•Emphasizes strict monotheism (tawhid)
- God is:
vSingular (ahad)
vUnique (wahid)
vAll-merciful and all-powerful
•Cannot be seen or fully comprehended by
humans.
God in Islam: Allah

33. §Sunni (87-90% of Muslims):
•Follow the sunnah (customary practice) of
Muhammad.
•Guided by the first four caliphs after
Muhammad
•Considered traditional and orthodox.
§Shi’a (Shi’ites):
•Believe leadership should have stayed within
Muhammad’s family, especially Ali.
•Largest sect after Sunni.
Branches of Islam

34. §Sufi:
•Mystical branch of Islam focusing on
personal union with God.
•Known for simple living and spiritual practice.
•Can be either Sunni or Shi’a.
Branches of Islam

35. 1.Gender Inequality
•Women in Islam face varying rights across countries.
•In many Islamic societies, women must be obedient to
fathers and husbands.
•Some interpretations of the Qur’an support male
superiority
•Despite restrictions, female leaders have emerged (e.g.,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Turkey).
Issues in Islam

36. Issues in Islam
2. Holy War (Jihad)
•Jihad means “struggle”, or “effort” - not just warfare.
•It can refer to:
•Personal spiritual effort (peaceful jihad)
•Defensive combat in times of conflict (armed jihad)
•Islamic law prohibits violence unless in was or lawful
punishment.
•Modern jihadist violence misrepresents true Islamic
teachings.

37. Issues in Islam
3. Militancy and Terrorism
•Islam prohibits terrorism and killing innocents.
•Prophet Muhammad forbade:
•Killing women and children
•Punishment by fire
•Destruction and mass killings violate Islamic principles.
•Militants misuse religions; Islam remains a religion of
peace and mercy.

38. Issues in Islam
4. Migration
•19th-20th century: Muslims migrated from Syria,
Lebanon, Jordan to the West.
•After WWII, Europe invited Muslim workers to meet labor
needs.

39. Issues in Islam
4. Migration
•Current population (approx.):
•UK: 2+ million
•France: 4-5 million
•Germany: 4 million
•Europe (total): 44 million
•USA: 6 million ( incl. 4 million immigrants &
descendants, 2 million converts, mostly African
American)