JRN/SPS 362 - Lecture Fourteen (October 8, 2025)

Here is the presentation that accompanied Lecture Fourteen.

1. JRN /SPS 362 Story of Football Rich Hanley, Professor Emeritus Lecture Fourteen

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3. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review College football remained enormously popular from the 1930s through the 1970s despite the rise of professional football and the emergence of television.

4. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review And so did high school football, which had become the center of life for many towns in the football crescent and the south.

5. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review High school football followed the template established by the founding myths of the game in the 19 th century and by popular culture in the first half of the 20 th century.

6. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review James Wright ‘s poem “Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio” perfectly captured how a community’s life and the trajectory of its myths circulated around high school football. The poem revealed how the game cycled through generations.

7. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review For many communities in the football crescent, it would prove to be the lasting link to its most prosperous past as economic changes roiled through the region in the 1970s and beyond.

8. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football Review While local attention remained fixed on the high school team, regions and the nation followed college football as the century entered the second had of the 20 th century with the same passion as they had at the start of the 20 th century.

9. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In fact, some scholars assert that during the 1950s, college football represented American culture as carrying the ideal balance “discipline, strength, and toughness” to meet the perceived threat from the so-called “Communist menace.”

10. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game As in previous generations, college football served as a front-line defense against all that threatened the U.S, including itself. In fact, football and other sports and physical activities were thought to represent a return to manliness for a culture gone soft.

11. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In 1956, President Dwight Eisenhower – who played football at West Point - established the Council on Youth Fitness in 1956 to encourage a return to the manly virtues of physical fitness.

12. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In 1961, Eisenhower’s successor, John F. Kennedy, delivered a stunning address in which he asserted other countries had “moved ahead of younger people in this country in their ability to endure long physical hardship, in their physical fitness and in their strength.”

13. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game JFK said that in addition to intellectual abilities, American youth needed to “participate in physical exercise” and show a “ willingness to participate in physical contests, in athletic contests” in order to “strengthen this country,” among other things.

14. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game It was in this context that the tension between the old – the physical expression of manhood as represented by football and its authoritarian coaches – would collide with movements that called for free speech, free love, the end of segregation and the end of a war in Southeast Asia.

15. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Dan Jenkins of Sports Illustrated captured the essence of college football of the moment in the 1960s with his classic book Saturday’s America (1970).

16. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Both sarcastic and serious, the book revealed the atmosphere of college football in a way that matched the tone of the period. It was as far removed from the glorification of the game as represented by the words of Grantland Rice in a previous generation.

17. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Jim Murray of the Los Angeles Times described Jenkins as the best college football writer in the country, high praise from a man who was a highly respected writer himself. Murray had this to say about the modern sensibility of Jenkins’ prose.

18. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “Certainly, Dan reads as if he was written half by Jove and half by a leprechaun. Grantland Rice called the Notre Dame backfield ‘The Four Horsemen,’ but only Jenkins would have mused on them as ‘Harry Pestilence, Don Famine, Sleepy Jim Destruction and Elmer War.’”

19. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Jenkins captured college football at the point where one era was ending and another beginning. Periods such as that are noted by chaos, as modernity crushes the old way of doing things. And the game and a single region that resisted modernity ended the period firmly lodged in the new normal.

20. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game College football had endured the scandals of the late 1920s and the Great Depression that followed. Then, World War II sent many of its players off to combat in Europe and the Pacific in the 1940s. The game sort of stood still on the surface, despite new coaches and tactics.

21. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game An examination of AP poll results revealed the complex regional shifts underway from the mid 1930s to the 1960s.

22. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game AP national champions tended to emerge from two regions over the first two decades of the polls: - The football crescent. (coal) - The southwest. (oil)

23. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Here are the AP champions from the 1930s (1936-1939):

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25. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The teams are evenly Split between the crescent – Minnesota and Pittsburgh – and the Southwest – TCU and Texas A&M. Now Here are the AP champions from the 1940s:

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27. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The champions from the 1940s are lodged firmly in the crescent, with Notre Dame winning four titles (1943; 1946-47; 1949), Minnesota two (1940-41), Army two (1944-45) and Ohio State (1942) and Michigan (1948) winning one apiece.

28. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Notre Dame’s four national championships solidified the work established by Rockne in the 1920s in transforming the college into a national power under coach Frank Leahy. But things were changing.

29. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The shift in regional power stemmed from several sources, including moves to deemphasize football at elite colleges and the development of coaches in World War II who now looked for full-time coaching positions throughout the country.

30. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game First, pre-war powers such as the University of Chicago and Carnegie Tech either dissolved their teams or turned them into minor sports as fresh scandals emerged.

31. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yale, the college where American football was founded by Walter Camp, joined Harvard, Princeton, Penn, Cornell, Dartmouth, Brown and Columbia in creating the Ivy League in 1954. The league formally began play in the 1956-57 academic year.

32. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The withdrawal by many eastern schools from the national scene would have been forced upon them anyway. The shift in power toward the south, southwest and west seemed to be preordained.

33. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Oklahoma under head coach Bud Wilkinson emerged as the first power outside of the east and football crescent. Wilkinson played quarterback on the Minnesota team that won the AP’s first national championship in 1936. He also played hockey.

34. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game And it was Wilkinson who perfected an innovative formation that remains today at the foundation of contemporary offenses.

35. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game It’s called the Split T and stands as the first option offense in the game and the basis for the veer, wishbone and many contemporary offensive sets such as the spread. Like many other innovations, it spread via the coaches of military teams in World War II.

36. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Missouri coach Don Faurot developed the Split T and deployed it in 1941, on the eve of the war. Unlike existing offenses at the time, the Split T spread offense linemen, forcing the defense away from the congested middle of the field.

37. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The name Split T is derived from that spacing on the line. Generally, guards lined up a foot from the center, the tackles two feet from the guards and the ends three feet from the tackles.

38. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The formation featured a quarterback under center and three running backs standing parallel to the line of scrimmage behind him. Faurot later moved one of the backs off to a position off the line on the wing.

39. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Split T plays are deceptively simple. Think RPO. “The quarterback takes the snap from center, hugs the line as closely as possible and shows the ball to the defense. What he does next largely depends on the reaction of his opponents,” wrote Herman Hickman in 1954.

40. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The quarterback read the defense and would run himself, handoff or pitch the ball (or pass it downfield to an end). It could be run right or left. Defenses struggled against it.

41. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “… when Don Faurot and his Missouri team unveiled it for the first time ever against Ohio State in my first game as head coach, it gave me some of the worst moments of my coaching career,” said Paul Brown, whose Buckeyes won the game, accounting for Missouri’s only loss of the season.

42. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game When war broke out, Faurot brought the Split T to the U.S. Navy’s pre-flight training station in Iowa where he served as head coach, assisted by Jim Tatum and Bud Wilkinson. After the war, Tatum landed a job coaching Oklahoma in 1946 and hired Wilkinson as an assistant.

43. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Tatum adopted the Split T and it powered Oklahoma to a Big Six (later Big Eight) championship. He left to coach Maryland in 1947. Wilkinson replaced him at Oklahoma and perfected the Split T.

44. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game On Jan. 1, 1954, No. 1 Maryland, under Tatum, and No. 4 Oklahoma, under Wilkinson, met in the Orange Bowl. Both ran the Split T. Oklahoma won, 7-0.

45. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Wilkinson deployed the Split T-formation in the context of a hurry-up offense and recruited players who could thrive in it. Importantly, Wilkinson integrated Oklahoma’s team, recruiting fullback Prentice Gault in 1956, who later played with the Cleveland Browns.

46. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Under Wilkinson, Oklahoma with its Split T developed into one of the greatest programs in college football history. Oklahoma won the AP title in 1950, 1955 and 1956. Between 1953-57, the Sooners won a record 47 straight games.

47. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The 1955 Oklahoma team is widely considered to be one of the best ever, finishing 11-0 by beating Maryland 20-6 in the Orange Bowl on Jan. 1, 1956. The team’s 47-game winning streak ended on Nov. 16, 1957, when Notre Dame beat them, 7-0, in Norman.

48. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The impact of the Split T was widespread. In the 1950s, Minnesota, Alabama, Houston, Notre Dame, Texas, Michigan, Penn State, and Ohio State, among others, ran the Split T or its off-shoot, the winged T also developed by Faurot.

49. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game But as Herman Hickman wrote in his piece for Sports Illustrated about the Split T in 1954, “Like any other formation, though, the Split T needs good players to be effective. As my Grandpapa used to say: "You can't go to town without the horses.’’ And the best players increasingly headed south and west.

50. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The AP polling data underscore the rise to prominence of Oklahoma and other schools outside of traditional powerhouse regions. Note the southward shift in the following map of poll winners from the 1950s:

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52. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Of the 10 AP champions in the 1950s, only three – Michigan State, Ohio State and Syracuse – were from the crescent. Four came from the south: Tennessee, Maryland, Auburn, and LSU. And one, Oklahoma, came from the Southwest.

53. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In the 1960s, the trend continued, with the west emerging as a third powerhouse region to join the southwest and south.

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55. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Only Minnesota, Ohio State and Notre Dame won national championships from the football crescent in the 1960s. Alabama alone won three. Texas and USC won two apiece.

56. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The pattern held in the 1970s. Only Notre Dame (1973, 77) and Pittsburgh (1976) represented the crescent in the AP roster of national champions. The others? Nebraska (1970, 71), USC (1972), Oklahoma (1974-75) and Alabama (1978-79).

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58. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The football heroes likewise came from the south, the southwest and west. John David Crowe, 1957 Heisman winner from Texas A&M ...

59. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Billy Cannon, Heisman winner from LSU …

60. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Joe Bellino, Heisman winner from the Naval Academy …

61. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Roger Staubach, quarterback of the 1963 Naval Academy team …

62. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Mike Garrett, 1965 Heisman winner from USC …

63. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Gary Beban, 1967 Heisman winner from UCLA …

64. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game And O.J. Simpson, Heisman winner from USC.

65. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Despite the shift in power from the crescent, another game of the century took place on Nov. 19, 1966, in East Lansing, Michigan, between two old powers from the Great Lakes region: Notre Dame and Michigan State.

66. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The teams were fully integrated teams battling for college supremacy. That fact showed how far the southern schools lagged in reflecting the movement toward integration outside of that region.

67. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The game featured a buildup that only a television culture supported by the thriving magazine industry could sustain. ABC was compelled by members of Congress to air the game even though it violated NCAA rules for broadcasting.

68. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game It turned out to be a classic, with the teams battling to a 10-10 tie. Notre Dame coach Ara Parseghian - who played at Great Lakes under Paul Brown - was criticized for “tying one for the Gipper” when the Irish burned the clock instead of seeking to move within field goal range.

69. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game That game was not certainly the last hurrah for the football crescent in terms of national power. But the dynamics of the nation and population shifts to the south and west meant that conferences outside of the crescent would become dominant.

70. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game College conferences had long emerged from regional geography. The Big 10 (est. 1896); the Big 8 (est. 1907); the Southwest Conference (est. 1914); the Pac 8 (est. 1915) ; and the SEC (est. 1932) were joined by the ACC (est. 1953).

71. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The eastern elite schools, meanwhile, continued to huddle within a tight geographic region, linked under the Ivy League (est. 1954, to begin play in 1956).

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73. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game These relationships by region would within a generation shatter but for the most part, all held for decades, with the Big 8 becoming the Big 12 and the Pac 8 eventually becoming the Pac 10 and later Pac 12.

74. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game There were seven main teams that played independently of any conference: Miami of Florida, Notre Dame, Penn State, Pittsburgh, Syracuse, the U.S. Military Academy (Army), and the U.S. Naval Academy (Navy).

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76. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The regional variations extended deeply into the cultural and societal realms, which, in turn, co-mingled with football.

77. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Texas football developed a culture where high school football dominated communities on Friday nights and the Texas Longhorns dominated the state on Saturdays under coach Darryl Royal.

78. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game But nothing was like the south. Unlike the other regions, football transcended the rituals of Saturday and Saturday night. It became a de facto religion for a region whose footprint reflected the old Confederacy.

79. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game College football analyst Tony Barnhart once remarked that the south had forged an “emotional bond with college football that I have not seen in any other part of the country or with any other sport.’’

80. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game What makes the role of football relative to religion even more important to the region is that the south is largely a theocracy, known informally as the “Bible belt.” Southerners are more likely to attend church than Americans in other regions.

81. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yet what do we make of this statement by a fan of Alabama documented by scholar Eric Bain-Selbo: “ … Alabama football has not, is not, and never will be just a game. It’s much, much more. It’s a way of life. You are born with it, you die with it ...”

82. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game According to Bain-Selbo, southern football fans equalize the experience of football with “experiences described by religious practitioners (for example, mystics).’’

83. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Because of that, he concludes, “perhaps we have good reason to take more seriously claims by observers and fans that game day at universities throughout the South are occasions for religious experiences.”

84. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game That religious fervor the South holds for football also plays out in the civic realm, and this became clear when calls emerged in the 1960s to desegregate teams. And this is evident in the career of Paul “Bear’ Bryant.

85. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Born in Arkansas, Bryant, left, played football at Alabama with Don Hutson, who later starred with the Green Bay Packers as one of the first star receivers.

86. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Bryant began coaching football during World War II as part of the V-12, pre-flight, program for naval aviators.

87. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In 1954, Bryant left the head coaching position in Kentucky for the top spot at Texas A&M. Bryant immediately stamped his influence on Texas A&M, holding the team’s first summer training camp in a placed called Junction, Texas.

88. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The 10-day training session became famous for its ferocity and for Bryant’s unyielding pressure on the players in the summer heat. Many players left the program; those who remained became known as the Junction Boys.

89. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Bryant’s legend grew even though the team had a 1-9 record. Bryant moved to Alabama for the 1958 and it was there that he secured his legacy as one of the top collegiate coaches.

90. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game It is difficult to imagine the cultural and social fabric of the south in the 1950s and 1960s when viewed from the distance of generations. But Bryant coached in a fully segregated region that sought to keep all-white teams from playing teams with Black players.

91. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Before Bryant’s tenure as coach, for example, the Orange Bowl invited Alabama to play Syracuse on Jan. 1, 1953. Syracuse had one Black player, Atavus Stone, and if he played, it would violate a “gentleman’s agreement that in effect banned integrated games in bowl games.

92. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The University of Alabama president ordered coach Red Drew to take the team off the field if Stone played. Stone was injured and didn’t play, and Alabama won easily.

93. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Alabama fired Drew in 1954 and hired Oklahoma A&M (now state) coach Jennings Whitworth. In 1951, Whitworth’s Oklahoma A&M team attacked Drake University’s Black quarterback Johnny Bright, who was knocked unconscious three times in the first seven minutes.

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98. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game That attack against Bright was not unusual whenever segregated southern teams played against integrated northern teams even in the north during that period. Bryant, in short, fully understood the racial dynamics of the region and would be viewed as one who upheld its segregated structure.

99. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In 1961, Alabama finished undefeated and won the national championship. But Bryant and his team unwittingly became caught up the hardening of attitudes about segregation as scholar Andrew Doyle has shown in his research.

100. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game U.S. Rep. Frank Boykin of Alabama wrote Bryant a letter that established an underlying motivation as to why he wanted the team to win in football: showing the South’s “way of life” as something that should be celebrated and preserved.

101. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “Bryant and his championship team had become potent symbols of pride and cultural vitality to white southerners in the midst of a profound social transformation,” Doyle wrote.

102. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “Paul Bryant and his national champions possessed the power to soothe the anguish and give expression to the righteous anger,” Doyle wrote. The editor of the Birmingham News wrote that Bryant’s players embodied “old true values” of the South.

103. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Bryant, however, was not like his fans. For one, he was a millionaire, a businessman and author whose works focused on contemporary management techniques. He received permission to play racially integrated Penn State in the 1959 Liberty Bowl.

104. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game But non-Southerners – particularly influential voters in the AP poll of top college football teams – saw Bryant as a segregationist. Still, writers voted for his team as the best in nation on many occasions through the years.

105. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game In 1962, Ole Miss was the best team in college football and considered to be a contender for the national championship as determined by the Associated Press poll. Even Sports Illustrated saw Ole Miss as the nation’s best team and put the school on its cover.

106. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yet the team would be caught between football and the civil rights movement when the federal government moved to integrate the University of Mississippi. Riots broke out on the campus when James Meredith integrated the school.

107. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The role of football in the cultural fabric of the South is evident in a nationally televised speech John F. Kennedy delivered on the role of the federal government in protecting Meredith on the Ole Miss campus.

108. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “You have a great tradition to uphold, a tradition of honor and courage, won on the field of battle and on the gridiron as well as the university campus,” Kennedy said in a speech directed to the state of Mississippi.

109. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The startling inclusion of football in a speech designed to explain the federal role underscores Kennedy’s understanding of the importance of the game to the south. He knew the Ole Miss team was among the top in the nation and had rallied the state behind its chance at a national title.

110. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Ironically, federal troops bivouacked outside the football stadium.

111. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Mississippi would not win the national championship as AP voters, appalled at the on-campus violence, selected the University of Southern California as national champion.

112. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game With more and more African-American players enrolled in previously all-white southern schools, Bryant worked behind the scenes to soften the segregationist stance of Alabama, but it took a carefully designed schedule to transform the all-white Alabama team.

113. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game First, in 1969 , the Afro-American Student Association at the university filed a lawsuit against the school and Bryant to compel them to recruit Black scholarship athletes.

114. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Already, Bryant had invited the University of Southern California to play at Alabama in 1970. USC had an all-black backfield, featuring Sam Cunningham who would later play for the Patriots.

115. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Alabama lost the game, but Bryant had made his point public. Alabama needed to integrate its team – and it did the following year.

116. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Alabama, with Wilbur Jackson, left, and Georgia desegregated in 1971. Mississippi and LSU became the last teams to desegregate in the SEC. Both did so in 1972.

117. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The other great social movement in the 1960s focused on the Vietnam War. College campuses filled with tear gas as protestors took to the quads to demonstrate against U.S. military intervention in Southeast Asia.

118. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Football became a place for both celebration and protest. At the Yale Bowl in October 1968, Yale cheerleaders presented the black power salute to fans during the national anthem before the Dartmouth game.

119. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yet the game had a unifying force as well. Football turned out to be the single old-timey ritual that both the greatest generation and the baby boomers could agree on.

120. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game “The hawkers of protest have made the University of California at Berkeley a symbol of campus unrest. Far more typical are the students whose interests embrace both education and revolt, both football and Vietnam. They make Cal exciting and stimulating.” – Sports Illustrated, Jan. 3, 1966.

121. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game "I went to a political rally yesterday. I saw a person who had his picture in Newsweek holding a picket sign protesting the war in Vietnam. The first thing he talked about was the Oregon game, and then he told me that he was going to the Big Game instead” of the protest. – Sports Illustrated, Jan. 3, 1966.

122. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game The game that best reflected the insanity of the 1960s took place in the oldest permanent stadium in college football – Harvard Stadium - in November 1968 between ancient rivals Yale and Harvard.

123. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yale quarterback Brian Dowling led the Bulldogs, but he also represented a counterculture interpretation of football via a Yale Daily News comic strip called Doonesbury. His character named B.D. wore his football jersey with its signature No. 10 everywhere on campus.

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125. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game . But Dowling and star running back Calvin Hill entered college football mythology for another reason: they were part of one of the greatest games ever played. Harvard score 16 points - two touchdowns and two two-point conversions in the closing minutes – to tie Yale, 29-29.

126. JRN/SPS 362 Story of Football That College Game Yale players have never let go of the moment the game ended with the score tied, 29-29. All agreed. they had lost. Yet all also agreed they had participated in something historic, something that made sense to two of the schools that had played the longest.

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