KALABHRAS HISTORY IN TAMILNADU SANGAM.pptx

Kalabhras history is presented to know about the history of ancient tamilnadu

1. KALABHRAS _ SOURCES

2. Kalabhras Towards the end of the 3 rd Century AD , the Sangam period slowly witnessed its decline . The Kalabhras occupied the Tamil Country for about two and a half centuries . We have little information about the Kalabhra rule . The Pallavas in the northern Tamil Nadu drove the Kalbhras out of the Tamil Country and established their rule . Sources : Kalabhras had occupied the Tamil Country from the middle of the 3 rd Century AD to the end of the 6 th Century AD. This period was called Dark Age . Only limited sources are available for the existence of the Kalabhras .

3. The Literary sources for this period include Tamil Navalar Charithai , Yapperunkalam and Periyapuranam . The Tamil grammar Yapperunkalam refers to a Kalbhra king namely Achutha Kalappalan . The Velvikkudi and Dalavaipuram copper plates mention about the Kalbhras . The Incriptions at Thiruppugalur and Vaikunda Perumal temple in Kanchipuram also refer to the Kalabhra rule . Both Buddhism and Jainism became dominant religions during the Kalbhra period . New s cript Vattezhththu was develpoped during this period . Epics like Sivaka Chinthamani and Kundalakesi were written Scholars like Buddhadatta , Buddhaghosha and Bodhidharma lived during this period .

4. The Jain Palli ( school) at Thirupathirippuliyur remained an important educational centres during this period . Sarva Nandi and Vajra Nandi were the two great Jain scholars , who lived in this period End of Kalbhras : After the decline of the Mauryas , the Pallavas migrated to the Andhra region . Before coming to the Tamil Country , they stayed in the Andhra region for some time and served under the Satavahanas . They established the Pallava kingdom in Tamil Country by overthrowing the Kalbhras .

5. The Pallavas The period of Pallava rule is an important chapter in the history of the Tamil Nadu . Their rule had extended from 6 th Century AD to the 9 th Century AD . The Pallava kingdom was known as Thondai Mandalam . It extended from the River Krishna in the North to the river Palar in the South . The Pallava rule was significant in many respects . There was Religious revival as well as Literary growth . An excellent administrative structure had existed under the Pallav rule . The Pallavs had also effected important changes in the field of Art and Architecture .

6. Sources for the History of Pallavas The sources for the History of Pallavas were classified into Literary and Archaeological sources . The Literary sources are classified into Native and Foreign sources . Foreign Literary Sources The Foreign sources for the Pallava period include the Sri Lankan books , namely Deepavamsa and Mahavamsa . These books are written in Pali Language . They describe about the relationship between the Pallava king – Narashimhavarman I and the Sri Lankan king Manavarman . The Chinese traveller Hiuen – Tsang had visited the Pallava kingdom and his travel accounts are known as Siyuki

7. He had given a detailed account of the capital city of the Pallavas , Kanchipuram . And also he mentioned about the Buddhist Viharas in Kanchi and described the Social and Economic conditions of the Pallava kingdom . Native Literary Sources : The native literary sources are include both Tamil and Sanskrit literature . Tamil Literature The Tamil literature consisted of the songs composed by Alwars and Nayanmars , they lived during the Pallava period The compositionss of Alwars are known as Nalayira Divya Prabhandam . The songs of Nayanmars are compiled into Panniru Thirumurais . These works describes the Social and Religious life of the people during the Pallava rule . The Periyapuranam written by Sekkilar is also important literary source for this period .

8. Sanskrit Literature : Dandin and Loga Vibagam written by Sarva Nandi provide a lot of information about the importance of Simhavishnu and his rule . The famous Pallava ruler Mahendravarman I himself wrote the Mathavilasa Prakasanam in Sanskrit language . It provides information regarding the Social and religious condition during the Pallava period . Archaeological Sources : Copper Plates , Inscriptions , Monuments , Coins and temples Sculptures and other Monuments remain the important archaeological sources for the study of the Pallavas . The Allahabad Pillar Inscription of Samudra Gupta mentions about the Pallava king , Vishnu Gopa . The Aihole Inscription of the Chalukyan king , Pulakesin II gives details about the Pallava – Chalukya conflict .

9. The Kenthoor Stone Carving of Keerthivarman belonged to the Pallava period . Apart from these popular inscriptions , there exist hundreds of Pallava inscriptions throughout South India . They depict the Military Achievements of the Pallava kings . The Kuram Copper Plates issued by Parameshwara varman and the Velurpalayam copper plates of Nandivarman III record their military achievements . The sources of the Pallava period remain useful Historical sources . ___________.